Systems and methods for fractional carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (csma/ca) for wlans

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described to implement an interference management method in a WLAN. An access point (AP) or an inter-BSS coordinator (IBC) may identify a station (STA) associated with a first basic service set (BSS) as an edge STA or a non-edge STA The AP or the IBC may group the edge STA into an edge group and a non-edge STA into a non-edge group. The AP or the IBC may receive information associated with a second BSS. The AP or the IBC may coordinate access of the edge group and/or the non-edge group. The access may be coordinated to minimize interference of the edge STA. The access may be based at least on the received information associated with the second BSS The AP or the IBC may adjust transmit power of a plurality of STAs identified as edge group STAs and non-edge group STAs.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Nos. 61/819,233 filed on May 3, 2013, and 61/877,575 filedon Sep. 13, 2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND

Wireless networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 based networks) may be deployed indense environments (e.g., mesh networks). The high-density deploymentsof such networks may result in overlap of basic service sets (BSSs).Simultaneous transmission from multiple access points (APs) and stations(STAs) in such deployments may cause heavy collisions, which may resultin excessive management, traffic, and reduction of throughput.Techniques used to mitigate interference in such deployments may beinadequate.

SUMMARY

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described to implementinterference management in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Anaccess point (AP) or an inter-BSS coordinator (IBC) may receive aninformation element (IE) indicating fractional carrier sense multipleaccess with collision avoidance (F-CSMA/CA) support. The IE may bereceived via one of a control frame, a management frame, or an extensionframe. The AP or the IBC may identify a station (STA) associated with afirst basic service set (BSS) as an edge STA or a non -edge STA. The STAmay be identified as the edge STA or the non-edge STA, for example,using one or more of a path loss from an AP to the STA, physical orgeographic location of the STA, information received from the STA, orinformation received from a central IBC.

The AP or the IBC may group the edge STA info an edge group and anon-edge STA into a non-edge group. The AP or the IBC may receiveinformation associated with a second BSS. The information received fromthe STA may include a difference between a received signal strengthindication (RSSI) of the AP at the STA and a next strongest AP at theSTA.

The AP or the IBC may coordinate access of the edge group and/or thenon-edge group. The access may be coordinated to minimize interferenceof the edge STA associated with the first BSS. The coordinating accessmay include coordinating timing between groups associated with the firstBSS and the second BSS. The access may be based at least on the receivedinformation associated with the second BSS.

The AP or the IBC may adjust transmit power of a plurality of stations(STAs) associated with the first BSS by limiting a maximum power of theplurality of STAs to a worst STA. The plurality of STAs may include aSTA identified as non-edge STA and at least one STA identified as edgeSTA.

One or more STAs in one or more edge groups may be orthogonal. Forexample, a first station associated with a first edge group may beorthogonal to a second station associated with a second edge group. Theorthogonality between the first station and the second station ispartial or full.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description,given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)devices.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of transmission in overlapping basicservice set (BSS).

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an overlapping Basic Service Sets(BSSs) with fractional Carrier Sense Multiple Access with CollisionAvoidance (CSMA/CA) and transmit power control (TPC).

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an WLAN system with BSS-edge andBSS-center partitioning.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of full and partial orthogonality of oneor more groups.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a fully orthogonal fractional CSMA/CAtransmission, e.g., using beacon timing offsets.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of partial orthogonality with userPriorities with 3-level priority.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of partial orthogonality with userPriorities with 2-level priority.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of partial statistical orthogonality.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of downlink performance (packet intervalupdate).

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of uplink performance (packet intervalupdate).

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of downlink performance (beacon intervalupdate).

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of uplink performance (beacon intervalupdate).

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of downlink no overlap relativeperformance.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of downlink overlap relative performance.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of uplink no overlap relativeperformance.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of uplink overlap relative performance.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of frequency domain F-CSMA frequencyallocation.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of the Inter-BSS Coordination Capabilityelement.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of the OBSS Reporting element.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a Centralized frequency domainfractional CSMA (FD F-CSMA) Coordination Request frame.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example of an FD F-CSMA Allocation element.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example of a Centralized Inter-BSS FD F-CSMACoordination Response (CIBCRep) frame.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example of Coordinated Block Based ResourceAllocation fractional CSMA (COBRA F-CSMA).

FIG. 25 illustrates an example of a priority adaptation based ondistance of a STA from two APs.

FIG. 26 illustrates an example of a priority adaptation based ondistance of a STA from three APs.

FIG. 27A is a system diagram of an example communications system inwhich one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 27B is a system diagram of an example wireless transmit/receiveunit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications systemillustrated in FIG. 27A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A detailed description of illustrative embodiments will now be describedwith reference to the various figures. Although this descriptionprovides a detailed example of possible implementations, it should benoted that the details are intended to be exemplary and in no way limitthe scope of the application.

FIG. 1 illustrates exemplary wireless local area network (WLAN) devices.The WLAN may include, but is not limited to, access point (AP) 102,station (STA) 110, and STA 112. STA 110 and 112 may be associated withAP 102. The WLAN may be configured to implement one or more protocols ofthe IEEE 802.11 communication standard, which may include a channelaccess scheme, such as DSSS, OFDM, OFDMA, etc. A WLAN may operate in amode, e.g., an infrastructure mode, an ad-hoc mode, etc.

A WLAN operating in an infrastructure mode may comprise one or more APscommunicating with one or more associated STAs. An AP and STA(s)associated with the AP may comprise a basic service set (BSS). Forexample, AP 102, STA 110, and STA 112 may comprise BSS 122. An extendedservice set (ESS) may comprise one or more APs (with one or more BSSs)and STA(s) associated with the APs. An AP may have access to, and/orinterface to, distribution system (DS) 116, which may be wired and/orwireless and may carry traffic to and/or from the AP. Traffic to a STAin the WLAN originating from outside the WLAN may be received at an APin the WLAN, which may send the traffic to the STA in the WLAN. Trafficoriginating from a STA in the WLAN to a destination outside the WLAN,e.g., to server 118, may be sent to an AP in the WLAN, which may sendthe traffic to the destination, e.g., via DS 116 to network 114 to besent to server 118. Traffic between STAs within the WLAN may be sentthrough one or more APs. For example, a source STA (e.g., STA 110) mayhave traffic intended for a destination STA (e.g., STA 112). STA 110 maysend the traffic to AP 102, and, AP 102 may send the traffic to STA 112.

A WLAN may operate in an ad-hoc mode. The ad-hoc mode WLAN may bereferred to as independent basic service set (IBBS). In an ad-hoc modeWLAN, the STAs may communicate directly with each other (e.g., STA 110may communicate with STA 112 without such communication being routedthrough an AP).

IEEE 802.11 devices (e.g., IEEE 802.11 APs in a BSS) may use beaconframes to announce the existence of a WLAN network. An AP, such as AP102, may transmit a beacon on a channel, e.g., a fixed channel, such asa primary channel. A STA may use a channel, such as the primary channel,to establish a connection with an AP.

STA(s) and/or AP(s) may use a Carrier Sense Multiple Access withCollision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) channel access mechanism. In CSMA/CA a STAand/or an AP may sense the primary channel. For example, if a STA hasdata to send, the STA may sense the primary channel. If the primarychannel is detected to be busy, the STA may back off. For example, aWLAN or portion thereof may be configured so that one STA may transmitat a given time, e.g., in a given BSS. Channel access may include RTSand/or CTS signaling. For example, an exchange of a request to send(RTS) frame may be transmitted by a sending device and a clear to send(CTS) frame that may be sent by a receiving device. For example, if anAP has data to send to a STA, the AP may send an RTS frame to the STA.If the STA is ready to receive data, the STA may respond with a CTSframe. The CTS frame may include a time value that may alert other STAsto hold off from accessing the medium while the AP initiating the RTSmay transmit its data. On receiving the CTS frame from the STA, the APmay send the data to the STA.

A device may reserve spectrum via a network allocation vector (NAV)field. For example, in an IEEE 802.11 frame, the NAV field may be usedto reserve a channel for a time period. A STA that wants to transmitdata may set the NAV to the time for which it may expect to use thechannel. When a STA sets the NAV, the NAV may be set for an associatedWLAN or subset thereof (e.g., a BSS). Other STAs may count down the NAVto zero. When the counter reaches a value of zero, the NAV functionalitymay indicate to the other STA that the channel is now available.

The devices in a WLAN, such as an AP or STA, may include one or more ofthe following: a processor, a memory, a radio receiver and/ortransmitter (e.g., which may be combined in a transceiver), one or moreantennas (e.g., antennas 106 in FIG. 1), etc. A processor function maycomprise one or more processors. For example, the processor may compriseone or more of: a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor(e.g., a baseband processor, a MAC processor, etc.), a digital signalprocessor (DSP), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), FieldProgrammable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integratedcircuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The one or more processorsmay be integrated or not integrated with each other. The processor(e.g., the one or more processors or a subset thereof) may be integratedwith one or more other functions (e.g., other functions such as memory).The processor may perform signal coding, data processing, power control,input/output processing, modulation, demodulation, and/or any otherfunctionality that may enable the device to operate in a wirelessenvironment, such as the WLAN of FIG. 1. The processor may be configuredto execute processor executable code (e.g., instructions) including, forexample, software and/or firmware instructions. For example, theprocessor may be configured to execute computer readable instructionsincluded on one or more of the processor (e.g., a chipset that includesmemory and a processor) or memory. Execution of the instructions maycause the device to perform one or more of the functions describedherein.

A device may include one or more antennas. The device may employmultiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques. The one or moreantennas may receive a radio signal. The processor may receive the radiosignal, e.g., via the one or more antennas. The one or more antennas maytransmit a radio signal (e.g., based on a signal sent from theprocessor).

The device may have a memory that may include one or more devices forstoring programming and/or data, such as processor executable code orinstructions (e.g., software, firmware, etc.), electronic data,databases, or other digital information. The memory may include one ormore memory units. One or more memory units may be integrated with oneor more other functions (e.g., other functions included in the device,such as the processor). The memory may include a read-only memory (ROM)(e.g., erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), etc.), random accessmemory(RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flashmemory devices, and/or other non-transitory computer-readable media forstoring information. The memory may be coupled to the processor. Theprocessor may communicate with one or more entities of memory, e.g., viaa system bus, directly, etc.

In IEEE 802.11n, High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz. widechannel for communication. This may be achieved, for example, bycombining the primary 20 MHz channel, with an adjacent 20 MHz channel toform a 40 MHz wide contiguous channel.

In IEEE 802.11ac, very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and 80 MHz,channels may be formed, e.g., by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A160 MHz channel may be formed, for example, by combining eightcontiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHzchannels (e.g., referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through asegment parser that may divide it into two streams. Inverse fast Fouriertransform (IFFT), and time domain, processing may be done on each streamseparately. The streams may be mapped on to the two channels, and thedata may be transmitted. At the receiver, this mechanism may bereversed, and the combined data may be sent to the MAC.

IEEE 802.11af and IEEE 802.11ah may support sub 1 GHz modes ofoperation. For these specifications the channel operating bandwidths maybe reduced relative to those used in IEEE 802.11n, and IEEE 802.11ac.IEEE 802.11af may support 5 MHz, 10 MHz and/or 20 MHz bandwidths in theTV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and IEEE 802.11 ah may support 1 MHz, 2MHz. 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and/or 16 MHz bandwidths, e.g., using non-TVWSspectrum. IEEE 802.11ah may support Meter Type Control (MTC) devices ina macro coverage area. MTC devices may have capabilities including, forexample, support for limited bandwidths, and a requirement for a verylong battery life.

In WLAN systems that may support multiple channels, and channel widths,e.g., IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac. IEEE 802.11af, and/or IEEE 802.11ah,may include a channel, which may be designated as the primary channel.The primary channel may have a bandwidth that may be equal to thelargest common operating bandwidth supported by the STAs in the BSS. Thebandwidth of the primary channel may be limited by a STA operating in aBSS that may support the smallest bandwidth operating mode. For example,in IEEE 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide, if there may beSTAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that may support a 1 MHz mode even if theAP, and other STAs in the BSS, may support a 2 MHz, 4 MHz. 8 MHz, 16MHz. or other channel bandwidth operating modes. The carrier sensing,and NAV settings, may depend on the status of the primary channel. Ifthe primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA supporting a 1MHz operating mode transmitting to the AP, the available frequency bandsmay be considered busy even though majority of the bands may stay idleand available.

In the United States, for example, the available frequency bands thatmay be used by IEEE 802.11ah may be from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea,for example, it may be from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, forexample, it may be from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidthavailable for IEEE 802.11ah may be 6 MHz to 26 MHz may depend on thecountry code.

Transmit Power Control (TPC) in a wireless network may be used forminimizing interference between nodes, improving wireless link quality,reducing energy consumption, controlling the network topology, reducinginterference with satellites/radar or other technologies, or improvingcoverage in the network. TPC in wireless networks may be open loop orclosed loop. In open loop TPC, the transmitter may control its transmitpower independent of the receiver. In closed loop TPC, the receiver maydirect the transmitter to increase or decrease the transmitter'stransmit power based on one or more metrics.

TPC may be implemented in a number of ways in different wirelessnetworks, for example, in wideband code division multiplexing (WCDMA)and high speed packet access (HSPA), TPC may be a combination of openloop power control, outer loop power control and inner loop powercontrol. Using the TPC, the power at the receiver in the uplink may beequal for each of the User equipment (UEs) associated with a NodeB or abase station. In open loop power control, which may occur between the UEand the Radio Network Controller (RNC), each UE transmitter may set itsoutput power to a value to compensate for the path loss. This powercontrol may set the initial uplink and downlink transmission powers,e.g., when a UE is accessing the network. In outer loop power control (aform of closed loop power control), which may occur between the UE andthe RNC, long term channel variations may be compensated. The powercontrol may be used to maintain the quality of communication at thelevel of bearer service quality requirement, while using a low powerlevel. In inner loop power control (a form of closed loop powercontrol), which occurs between the UE and Node B, each UE may compensatefor short term channel variations. The inner loop power control may bereferred to as fast closed loop power control and may be updated at 1500Hz.

In a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) uplink transmission, the powercontrol may be a combination of a basic open loop TPC, a dynamic closedloop TPC, and a bandwidth factor compensation component. The basic openloop TPC may implement fractional power control in which the UE maycompensate for a fraction of the path loss experience. The closed looppower control may be dynamic and may perform a mixture of interferencecontrol with channel condition adaptation. The bandwidth factorcompensation may adjust the transmit power based on the bandwidthallocated to the UE.

The TPC in WLANs may be MAC based and may involve the transmission andreception of TPC MAC packets. The TPC may support the adaptation of thetransmit power based on one or more information elements (IEs)including, for example, path loss, link margin estimates etc. This TPCis open loop and the transmitting node (e.g., an AP or a STA) maydetermine its transmit power independent of the receiving node.

In IEEE 802.11 WLANs, e.g., with the exception of IEEE 802.11ad, thereceiving STA may send a TPC report element that may include thetransmit power and link margin (e.g., the ratio of the received power tothat needed by the STA to close the link). The transmitter may use theinformation received in the TPC report to decide on the transmit power.For example, the STA may use a criteria to dynamically adapt itstransmit power to another STA based on information it may receive viathe TPC report from that STA. The methods used to estimate the TPC maybe proprietary. A TPC report may be requested by the transmitter toenable it estimate the correct transmit power. In this case, thetransmitter may send an explicit TPC request frame to the receiver.

A TPC report may not be requested, in which a receiver may send a TPCreport to its possible transmitters, for example, an AP in a BSS to eachof the STAs in the BSS without a an explicit request for the report fromeach STA. For low duty cycle, the STAs may have a low overhead duringTPC information exchanges. In case of IEEE802.11ah, an open loop linkmargin index may be used to improve the accuracy of the TPC estimate byincluding the receiver sensitivity or minimum received power for amodulation coding scheme (MCS).

Using directional multi-gigabit, millimeter (mm) Wave 802.11 WLANtransmission modes (e.g., 802.11ad), the directional multi-gigabit (DMG)link margin element may include a field that may recommend an increaseor a decrease in transmit power. In this case, the transmitter may senda DMG link adaptation acknowledgement to indicate whether it mayimplement the recommendation or not.

Inter-cell coordination schemes may be used to manage interference bycoordinating transmission and reception between cells. Inter-cellcoordination in cellular networks may include fractional frequencyre-use (FFR) with inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC),cooperative multipoint transmission (CoMP), and enhanced inter-cellinterference Coordination (eICIC) for heterogeneous networks. Withcellular networks, the coordination schemes may be based upon deliberatemultiple-access scheduling over time and frequency in a fraction of thetransmission bandwidth. As opposed to the cellular scenario, the schemedescribed herein may leverage the random access nature of CSMA/CA acrossthe entire transmission bandwidth.

Interference coordination in wireless LAN networks may be proprietaryand may be carried out in wireless network controller at layers higherthan the PHY and MAC. Some of the wireless LAN networks may usetechniques that may be coordinated to reduce the effect of a largenumber of APs and/or STAs. For example, in IEEE 802.11ah based networks,different types of overlapping BSS (OBSS) networks may interfere witheach other. Such OBSS issues may be addressed by minimizing interferencebetween the overlapping networks and sharing the channel in time domain.Time division mechanisms may be utilized with physical grouping orlogical grouping of STAs with an emphasis on sectorized transmission.

User grouping in wireless networks may be provided. User grouping maymanage multiple access and interference in wireless networks by groupingreceivers (e.g., STAs and/or UEs) based on one or more metrics. Forexample, for cellular and WLANS, MU-MIMO STAs that have orthogonalchannels may be grouped together to enable efficient multi-usertransmission to each STA. In 802.11ah, the STAs that have the samedirectionality from the AP may be grouped together for commontransmission, e.g., using sectorization. In cellular networks, the UEsthat may be at the cell edge and UEs that may be at the cell center maybe grouped separately to enable coordinated scheduling across resourceblocks to limit interference.

802.11 WLAN networks may be deployed in dense environments with multipleAPs and BSSs. The high density deployment may result in an overlap ofadjacent BSSs. When available, the adjacent APs may choose differentfrequency bands of operation. In some networks, the use of differentfrequency may not be possible. Independent operation of CSMA/CA in eachOBSS may result in simultaneous transmissions from multiple APsresulting in collisions and causing excessive management traffic orprevention of transmissions due to collision avoidance, resulting in thereduction of throughput. When multiple OBSSs use the same frequencybands, interference may be a problem, e.g., for the STAs on the edge ofcoverage. The increased interference may result in a reduction in thenetwork throughput as seen at the MAC layer, the MAC goodput, and anincrease in energy expenditure. The effect of the interference on theMAC goodput and energy efficiency of the network may be mitigated.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of transmission in overlapping BSSs (e.g.,BSS1 210 and BSS2 212). As illustrated in FIG. 2, AP1 202 and AP2 204may transmit data (e.g., independently) to STAs in their BSSs. The APsmay transmit data simultaneously. The transmission, for example, fromAP1 202 to STA1 206 (STA1, BSS1) may fail due to the transmission fromAP2 to STA3 208 (STA3, BSS2). The transmission failure issue maybeaddressed for network throughput improvement and energy efficiency.

Channel access timing and inter-BSS coordination for interfering CSMA/CAgroups may result in increased interference in both overlapped andnon-overlapped networks. To enable the mitigation of interference, thedata transmission for interfering STAs or groups of STAs may be timedand coordinated between BSSs to reduce the amount of interference in thenetwork.

For example, one or more of user grouping, enhanced transmit powercontrol, or inter-BSS coordination may be used to improve the systemperformance of a dense, overlapped network with multiple BSSs. Thesystem performance may be quantified, for example, by a combination ofMAC layer throughput and energy efficiency. The user grouping, enhancedTransmit Power Control, and/or Inter-BSS timing and coordination maytake into account CSMA/CA multiple access. Fractional frequency may beused in schedulers to allocate resources on a sub-channel granularity.Such an allocation may not be used in CSMA/CA based WLAN networks. TheIEEE 802.11ah may provide grouping based sectors and may not performcoordinated inter-BSS TPC.

Using TPC, inter-BSS coordination, and user grouping two APs in an OBSSmay transmit simultaneously with little or no collisions. In afractional CSMA/CA method, a fraction of the total STAs may be permittedto access the channel at a particular time. To limit the amount ofinterference, the access duration may be coordinated between multipleBSSs. Using TPC, the interference resulting from the coordinatedtransmissions may be limited. Using the coordinated transmission asdescribed herein, the area covered by the transmissions (e.g., thecoverage area) of a subset of the BSSs in the network may be implicitlyreduced, thereby reducing the amount of overlap between BSSs andimproving the system performance.

The STAs in each BSS may be grouped into one or more groups based on theamount of interference the STAs may receive from other BSSs or offer toother BSSs in the network. For example, the STAs may be partitioned intoBSS-edge STAs and/or BSS-center STAs. A BSS-edge STA may be adverselyaffected by a neighboring BSS during reception or may adversely affect aneighboring BSS during transmission. A BSS-center STA may be anon-BSS-edge STA.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an overlapping BSS with fractionalCSMA/CA and TPC. In case of transmission between an AP and a BSS-edgeSTA (e.g., AP1 302 to (STA1, BSS1) 306), the neighboring BSS. e.g., BSS2310 may limit its transmission to BSS-center STAs. The neighboring BSSmay also control its power. This may limit its interference effect onthe STA in BSS1 (e.g., AP2 304 to (STA2, BSS2) 312).

Enhanced TPC in WLANs may be provided. For example, in IEEE802.11, theopen loop transmission and reception of the TPC request and/or responseframes may estimate the correct transmit power. Open loop TPC may sufferfrom inaccuracies due to the dependence on the receiver sensitivitiesand number of antennas used at the APs and/or STAs. In an outdoorscenario using IEEE802.11ah or High Efficiency Wireless (HEW), thepossible change in the channel may use estimation of the transmit powerfor each transmission. The TPC request and/or response exchange may beinefficient. To reduce this inefficiency, the system may aggregate andtransmit the TPC request and/or response frames with the RTS/CTS frames,which may result in data transmission with correct TPC levels. Thesystem may add a field to the physical layer (PHY) signal field (SIC) toindicate the transmit power and link margin that may be needed in eachof the frames. Each STAMP may be able to estimate the path loss from thetransmitter and estimate the instantaneous power needed. The system mayimplement different TPC loops for the control frames and the dataframes.

Inter-BSS timing and coordination may be provided. For example, one ormore BSS center STAs may be placed in the active CSMA/CA pool. To limitthe amount of interference between adjacent or overlapping BSSs, thetiming of the edge BSSs (e.g., placed in the active CSMA/CA pool) may becoordinated between overlapping BSSs. The coordination may becentralized or distributed. The timing of the edge BSSs may becontrolled such that the adjacent groups are orthogonal or partiallyorthogonal.

The networks with F-CSMA/CA capabilities may be checked using anF-CSMA/CA capabilities signaling field. If neighboring APs do notsupport the feature or are instructed not to use the feature, the packettransmission may follow using legacy operation, e.g. 802.11ac, 802.11ah,etc.

If the APs in a network are F-CSMA/CA capable, each AP may identify theBSS-edge STAs and non BSS-edge STAs under its control. BSS-edge STAs maybe identified using a one or more of techniques including, for example,path loss, physical/geographic location, STA assisted, genie aided etc.

The AP may estimate the path loss from the difference of the channel tothe STA and the RSSI of the individual STAs. This may be done by usingTPC request and/or TPC response frames between the AP and/or STAs. TheAP may rank the STAs based on path loss and designate the bottom x% asBSS-edge. The chosen percentages of STAs designated as center or edgemay be proprietary. The AP may use the physical/geographical location ofSTAs, if available, to identify cell edge STAs and signals STAs. Thismay be based on Global Positioning System information or otherlocation-based techniques. The APs may be assisted by the STAs. The STAsmay signal the difference between the RSSI of associated AP and nextstrongest AP(s). STAs with differences less than a threshold may beelected as BSS edge STAs. The AP may be Genie-aided. For example, theinformation may be derived from a network management tool or a centralAP controller.

The AP may transmit a BSS-edge Bag to STAs at the BSS edge. The BSS edgeindicator may be signaled as a MAC information element or as a flag to amodified CTS frame. Each STA may be signaled individually or theinformation may be aggregated and broadcasted in one frame.

In each BSS, the STAs may be grouped based on a desired criteria e.g.BSS edge, BSS center, etc. For example, Group 1 may include BSS centerSTAs in each of the BSSs, group 2 may include BSS edge STAs in oddnumbered BSSs, and group 3 may include BSS edge STAs in even numberedBSSs.

One or more APs may coordinate to allow access of each to the pool ofSTAs performing CSMA/CA based on the BSS index. For example, Group 1 maybe placed in the active CSMA/CA pool. Groups 2 and 3 may be placed inthe active CSMA/CA pool in a coordinated manner during particular timeslots. The coordination may be such that groups 2 and 3 are inorthogonal pools e.g., when group 2 is in the pool, group 3 may not bein the pool. The coordination may be such that groups 2 and 3 may inpartially orthogonal pools. For example, groups 2 and 3 may be in a poolbased on a desired orthogonality factor (f), where 0<=f<=1, and f=0implies fully orthogonal and f=1 implies no orthogonality.

The STA grouping may be combined with TPC to limit interference. Thetransmit power may be adjusted based on the group in the active CSMA/CApool. The maximum transmit power may determine the power at which thecontrol frames needed by each of the STAs may be sent. If group 1 is inthe pool, the maximum transmit power may be limited to the worst STA inthe limited group. For example, the STA that may require the maximumtransmit power in group 1. The maximum transmit power may be used forboth data and control frames. If each of the STAs are in the pooh themaximum transmit power may be limited to the worst STA in the BSS. Forexample, the STA that may require the maximum transmit power in the BSS.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a WLAN with BSS-edge and BSS-centerpartitioning. As illustrated in FIG. 4, a WLAN with one or more APs(e.g., 16 APs or BSSs) may have one or more STAs. The STAs may be placedin group 1 402, group 2 404, and group 3 406. For example, group 1 maybe associated with one or more center stations (e.g., STA 408), andgroup 2 404 and group 3 406 may be associated with the edge stations(e.g., STAs 410 and 412).

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of partial and full orthogonality of oneor more groups (e.g., three groups). As illustrated in FIG. 5 the throeexemplary groups may be placed in an active CSMA/CA pool over time. Forexample, group 1 may be in the active CSMA/CA in each of the time slots,while group 2 and group 3 may be placed in the active CSMA/CA set duringspecific time-slots. The grouping may be combined with TPC to limitinterference. To limit the amount of interference between OBSSs, thetiming between the different groups may be coordinated betweenoverlapping BSSs. The coordination may be centralized or distributed.

Methods, systems, and instrumentalities are provided for inter-BSScoordination and timing and signaling. As illustrated in FIG. 5, thecoordinated timing across adjacent BSSs may be set to be fullyorthogonal (e.g., where there is no interference between interferinggroups) or partially orthogonal (e.g., where the interfering groups mayhave some level of overlap, up to a desired orthogonality level).

Fully orthogonal timing using beacons may be provided. With fractionalCSMA/CA, the STAs located in the BSS center may form group 1 (e.g., thedotted areas 402). The BSS edge users may form other groups depending onthe network deployment. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4, the STAsin the shaded areas (e.g., 404 and 406) may be placed in groups 2 and 3.These adjacent BSSs may include edge STAs from different groups. Inorder to use the fractional CSMA/CA, the transmission of the group 2 maybe distinguished from that of the group 3, since they may interfere witheach other.

As illustrated by example in FIG. 5 (e.g., full orthogonality case),different time slots may be assigned for group 2 and group 3. In thisease, the groups 2 and 3 may be fully orthogonal fractional CSMA/CA. Theorthogonality may be achieved, for example, by using beacons and thebeacon intervals. With 802.11 WLAN systems, the size of the beaconinterval may vary, e.g., depending on when the AP may acquire the mediaand transmit the beacon frame. The frame length of each transmission mayvary, e.g., based on the MAC frame length. MCS level, bandwidth, etc.The beacon and/of beacon intervals may be modified to implement fullyorthogonal fractional CSMA/CA.

Orthogonal tinting using beacon intervals may be provided. A wirelesssystem may use fixed beacon interval lengths and may switch betweenorthogonal transmissions. The switching may occur at fixed modulo valuesfor each BSS. In this example, group 2 transmission may occur at oddtime indices

modulo(beacon_timing_index,2)=0,

while group 3 transmission may occur at even time indices

modulo(beacon_timing_index,2)=1.

A common beacon index may be needed to synchronize the network andidentify the correct transmission time. In this example, two BSS edgeuser groups may be considered and modulo of 2 may be utilized. In ageneral case, modulo of M may be used when M BSS edge user groups aredefined in the system. A delay may be added to allow for the jitter dueto the variable beacon duration.

The APs in a network may identify the beacon timing index. This may beperformed by a network controller or the BSS-edge STAs may send thecurrent timing index of the AP they are associated with in an aggregatedpacket when transmitting. This may allow neighboring OBSS APs toretrieve the information.

STAs and the AP in a BSS may calculate the modulo timing value asfollows:

Modulo_timing_value=modulo (beacon_timing_index, 2)

If Modulo_timing_value=0, group 2 is permitted to transmit

If Modulo_timing_value=1, group 3 is permitted to transmit

The active group may wait for an additional time e.g., distributedinter-frame space (DIFS). The permitted groups may be added to activeCSMA/CA pool and normal transmission may take place. TPC levels may beused based on the permitted groups.

Orthogonal timing using beacon intervals and beacon time offsets may beprovided. FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a fully orthogonal fractionalCSMA/CA transmission, e.g., using beacon timing offsets. A fixed beaconinterval may be used for the system and beacon time offsets may be usedto maintain orthogonality of different BSS transmissions within thebeacon interval.

A master AP may transmit a synchronization F-CSMA/CA beacon frame, e.g.,to synchronize Beacon transmissions. One or more other APs may use thesynchronized beacon frame as reference to synchronize the transmissionof their own beacon frames and maintain the orthogonality of thetransmissions. As illustrated in FIG. 6, AP1 may be used as a master AP.The beacon 602 associated with the AP1 may be designated as a masterbeacon. AP2 may use the master beacon 602 to synchronize its beaconframe 604.

An orthogonal F-CSMA/CA beacon may be provided. The orthogonal F-CSMA/CAbeacon may assist in synchronizing the beacon transmission for thenetwork. The beacon may be sent by a designated F-CSMA/CA master AP(e.g., an AP in the center of the network). The F-CSMA/CA beacon may setup a fixed beacon interval period and beacon time offset periods for theentire network. The beacon interval and the beacon time offset may benetwork parameters that may be static (e.g., set up during deployment)or dynamic (e.g., assigned in a centralized or distributed manner duringnetwork operation).

One Beacon Interval may include one or more of beacon time offsetperiods. The length of beacon interval and beacon time offset may beimplementation dependent and may be announced in each of the F-CSMA/CAbeacon frames.

To enable propagation of the F-CSMA/CA beacon frame information.BSS-edge STAs associated with an AP (or within the range of an AP'sbeacon) may send the F-CSMA/CA beacon frame (e.g., current F-CSMA/CAbeacon frame) time-stamp in a beacon synchronization MAC frame. This mayallow neighboring OBSS APs to retrieve the information. A beacon timeoffset may be set for each AP in the network. This offset may berelative to the F-CSMA/CA beacon and may indicate the time that a beaconmay be transmitted by that specific AP in the network.

Each of the APs may transmit a synchronized beacon by counting thenumber of beacon time offsets from their beacon frame to thesynchronized beacon frame. The APs may transmit beacon frames atone ormultiple beacon time offsets away from the previous F-CSMA/CA beaconframe transmitted by the master AP.

The APs may announce F-CSMA/CA information in their own beacons.Information such as the beacon interval, the beacon time interval, thetime stamp of beacon interval, and their own time offset from thesynchronization beacon may be broadcasted to their own BSSs.

In case of fully orthogonal transmission, the groups distinguished bynon-overlapping time slots may be transmitted by using different beacontime offset periods. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the transmission of group2 within BSS1 (e.g., operated by AP1) 606 may be allocated in the oddnumber of beacon time offset period, and transmission of group 3 (e.g.,operated by AP2) 608 may be allocated in the even number of beacon timeoffset period.

The APs may truncate or stop transmission of a packet when they may notcomplete the transmission before the next expected beacon frame. APs maymonitor each of the beacon frames they may receive and detect.Coordination of APs and beacon frame assignment may depend on thearchitecture of the WLAN system (e.g., a distributed system or acentralized system).

For non-AP STAs, the following transmission rules may apply. Non-AP STAsmay be classified by the fractional CSMA/CA groups. The BSS center group(e.g., group 1 in FIG. 6) may be allowed to transmit or it may beallowed to transmit except when that AP may transmit beacon frames. Ifthe second scenario is applied, the non-AP STAs may truncate or stoptransmission when the STAs may not finish transmission before the nextexpected beacon frame.

The BSS edge groups (e.g., group 2 and group 3 in FIG. 6) maycommunicate according to their fractional CSMA/CA allocation. The non-APSTAs may truncate or stop transmission, e.g., when the STAs does notfinish transmission before the next expected beacon frame. The examplesillustrated in FIG. 6 may be extended to a general case. For example,the number of BSS edge groups may be more than two and allocation of thegroups may be different.

A de-centralized synchronization may be provided. An AP may derive itssynchronized beacon from an adjacent AP as opposed to a central masterAP in a daisy-chain fashion. For example, in a network with 4 OBSSs(e.g., AP1, AP2, AP3, and AP4), AP2 may derive its clock from AP1, AP3from AP2, AP4 from AP3, etc.

Partially-orthogonal timing using beacons (e.g., using user prioritymethod) may be provided. With fractional CSMA/CA, one or more STAslocated in the BSS center may form a group. The BSS edge users may formother groups. The number of groups formed may depend on a desireddeployment. In the example show n in FIG. 4, the STAs in the shadedareas (e.g., shaded area 404) may be placed in group 2 while STAs inother shaded areas (e.g., shaded areas 406) may be placed in group 3.The adjacent BSSs may have edge STAs in different groups. To exploit thebenefits given by fractional CSMA/CA scheme, the transmission of group 2and group 3 may be distinguished since they may interfere with eachother.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of partial orthogonality with userPriorities with 3-level priority. FIG. 8 illustrates an example ofpartial orthogonality with user Priorities with 2-level priority. Asillustrated in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, one or more CSMA/CA user prioritiesmay be assigned to groups 1, 2, and/or 3. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 7, in time slot 1, Group 2 702 may be assigned a higher priorityand as such a higher probability of acquiring the medium in theoverlapped BSS region than group 3 704. In time slot 2, Group 3 706 mayhave higher priority than Group 2 708. The STAs/traffic in Group 1 maybe assigned a priority, which may be equal to or less than the higherpriority group. This may limit the amount of interference offeredwithout preventing other BSS edge users in the adjacent BSSs fromtransmitting (e.g., in ease the BSS edge STAs in the BSS with the higherpriority edge STAs may have no traffic to send). The maximum transmitpower may be adjusted as needed. For example, in the case a lowerpriority STA gains access to the channel in the downlink, the maximumpower may be adjusted to enable the lower priority group to gain accessto the control frames. The partially orthogonal fractional CSMA/CA maynot be forced artificially on BSS edge STAs in adjacent BSSs, but may beimplicit based on the CSMA/CA multiple access. The partially fractionalCSMA/CA may be suitable for networks with a dense deployment of APs buta limited amount of traffic per AP in which there may not be traffic ina group at its scheduled time of transmission.

To prioritize the STAs, QoS (e.g., as provide in IEEE 802.11e) may beextended to the traffic from the associated devices. In enhanceddistributed channel access (EDCA), the random delay may be calculatedas:

Total Deferral period−AIFS[Access_class]+Backoff[Access_class]

where both the arbitration inter frames Space (AIFS), the contentionwindows, and the backoff calculated may depend on the access class ofthe data, e.g., background traffic (AC-BK), best effort traffic (AC_BE),Video (AC_VI), and Voice (AC_Voice). A TxOP limit may be set based onthe access class. An additional user priority factor that may modify thetotal deferral period estimation for the STAs in the group to enableprioritization of the traffic from different groups and modify the upperlimit of the TxOP needed for the relay transmission.

The original deferral period for each user in the group (and eachtraffic class for the user) may be scaled by a desired priority factor(α) that may be determined by network. The total deferral period may begiven by;

Total Deferral period=α{AIFS[Access_class]+Backoff[Access_class)]}

The original deferral period for each user may be modified by anadditional back-off priority factor (β). In this case, the totaldeferral period may be given by:

Total Deferral period=AIFS[Access_class]+Backoff[Access_class]−β

β≥0. Total Deferral period≥0

The values of the priority factors may be selected to provide correctpriority for the group during the beacon time offset. The back-offfactor for each group may be transmitted by the beacon at the beginningof the period.

The beacon interval and beacon time offset periods may be used to enablesynchronization of the time intervals when the priorities are used. Tosynchronize beacon transmissions, a synchronization F-CSMA/CA beaconframe may be transmitted by the master AP, and other APs may use thesynchronized beacon frame as reference to synchronize the transmissionof their own Beacon frames.

An orthogonal F-CSMA/CA beacon may be provided. The orthogonal F-CSMA/CAbeacon may assist in synchronizing the beacon transmission for theentire network. The beacon may be sent by a designated F-CSMA/CA masterAP (e.g., an AP in the center of the network). The F-CSMA/CA beacon mayset up a fixed beacon interval period and beacon time offset periods forthe entire network. The beacon interval and the beacon time offset maybe network parameters that may be static (e.g., set up duringdeployment) or dynamic (e.g., assigned in a centralized or distributedmanner during network operation). One beacon interval may includeinteger number of beacon time offset periods. The length of beaconinterval and beacon time offset may be implementation dependent and maybe announced in each of the F-CSMA/CA beacon frames.

To enable propagation of the F-CSMA/CA beacon frame information, theBSS-edge STAs associated with an AP (or within the range of an APsbeacon) may send a F-CSMA/CA beacon frame time-stamp (e.g., the currenttime stamp) in a special beacon synchronization MAC frame. This mayallow neighboring OBSS APs to retrieve the information.

A beacon time offset may be set for each AP in the network. The beacontime offset may be relative to the F-CSMA/CA beacon and may indicate thetime that a beacon may be transmitted by that specific AP in thenetwork. Each AP may transmit a synchronized beacon by counting thenumber of beacon time offsets from their beacon frame to thesynchronized beacon frame. The APs may transmit beacon frames at one ormultiple beacon time offsets away from the previous F-CSMA/CA beaconframe transmitted by the master AP. The APs may announce F-CSMA/CAinformation in their beacon such as the beacon interval, the beacon timeinterval, the time stamp of beacon interval, and their own time offsetfrom the synchronization beacon.

In order to maintain partially orthogonal transmission, the groups thatmay be distinguished by varying priorities may be transmitted by usingdifferent beacon time offset period. The examples are illustrated inFIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7 illustrates an example of partial orthogonalitywith three level priority, whereas FIG. 8 illustrates an example ofpartial orthogonality two level priority case.

The transmission of group 2 within BSS 1 (e.g., operated by AP1) withpriority a, may be allocated in the odd number of beacon time offsetperiod, and transmission of group 2 within BSS1 (e.g., operated by AP1)with priority b, (where b<a) may be allocated in the even number ofbeacon time offset period. Transmission of group 3 within BSS2 (e.g.,operated by AP2) with priority b, may be allocated in the odd number ofbeacon time offset period, and transmission of group 3 within BSS2(e.g., operated by AP2) with priority a, (where b<a) may be allocated inthe even number of beacon time offset period. Transmission of group 1within BSS1 (e.g., operated by AP1) and group 1 within BSS2 (e.g.,operated by AP2) with priority c, may be allocated in each of the beacontime offset periods, (where b<c<a) may be allocated in the even numberof beacon time offset period.

The APs may truncate or stop transmission of a packet when they may notcomplete the transmission before the next expected beacon frame. The APsmay monitor each of the beacon frames they may receive and detect. TheAP may continue transmission at the beginning of the next expectedbeacon frame as partial orthogonality may be needed. Coordination of APsand beacon frame assignment may depend on the architecture of the WLANsystem, e.g., distributed system or centralized system.

For non-AP STAs, the Non-AP STAs may be classified by the fractionalCSMA/CA groups. The BSS center group (e.g., group 1 in FIGS. 7 and 8)may be allowed to transmit with the same user priority, or may beallowed to transmit at the same priority except when that AP maytransmit beacon frames.

The BSS edge groups (e.g., group 2 and group 3 in FIG 6) may communicateaccording to their fractional CSMA/CA priorities. The examplesillustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 may include one or more BSS edge groups andwith one or more priorities.

Partially-orthogonal timing using beacons (e.g., using statisticalmethod) may be provided. With fractional CSMA/CA, the STAs located inthe BSS center may form a group. The BSS edge users may form othergroups. The number of groups may be dependent on the desired deployment.As illustrated in FIG. 4, the STAs in shaded areas (e.g., shaded area404) may be placed in group 2 while STAs in other shaded areas (e.g.,shaded area 406) may be placed in group 3. Adjacent BSSs may have edgeSTAs in different groups. In fractional CSMA/CA, the transmission of thegroup 2 may be distinguished from that of the group 3, since the STAsmay interfere with each other.

Different groups may be randomly allowed to access the network in amanner that they may be statistically orthogonal with a desired level ofoverlap (based on an orthogonality factor). This may be achieved by theuse of a beacon interval with random beacon timing offsets after theF-CSMA/CA beacon for each coordinated AP. The random offsets may begenerated based on statistically orthogonal probability distributions,e.g., a random CDMA code. The restricted access windows of differentdurations and start times may be used.

Statistical orthogonality with beacon intervals and random beacon timingoffsets may be provided. An orthogonal F-CSMA/CA beacon may assist insynchronizing the beacon transmission for the entire network. The beaconmay be sent by a designated F-CSMA/CA master AP (e.g., an AP in thecenter of the network). The F-CSMA/CA beacon may set up a fixed beaconinterval period for the network. The beacon interval and the beacon timeoffset may be network parameters that may be static (e.g., set up duringdeployment) or dynamic (e.g., assigned in a centralized or distributedmanner during network operation). One beacon interval may include one ormore beacon time offset period. The length of beacon interval and beacontime offset may be implementation dependent and may be announced in eachF-CSMA/CA beacon frame.

To enable propagation of the F-CSMA/CA beacon frame information,BSS-edge STAs associated with an AP (or within the range of an AP'sbeacon) may send the current F-CSMA/CA beacon frame time-stamp in aspecial beacon synchronization MAC frame. This may allow neighboringOBSS APs to retrieve the information. A beacon time offset may be setfor each AP in the network. This offset may be relative to the F-CSMA/CAbeacon and may indicate the time that a beacon may be transmitted bythat particular AP in the network.

Each of the APs may transmit a synchronized beacon, e.g., by countingthe number of beacon time offsets from their beacon frame to thesynchronized beacon frame. The APs may transmit beacon frames at one ormultiple beacon time offsets, e.g., away from the previous F-CSMA/CAbeacon frame transmitted by the master AP.

The APs may announce F-CSMA/CA information using beacons. The APs maybroadcast information in their BSSs. The information may include, forexample, beacon interval, beacon time interval, time stamp of beaconinterval, offset of an AP from the synchronization beacon, etc.

In order to maintain the statistically partial-orthogonal transmission,each AP may randomly select a beacon timing offset or a subset of beacontiming offsets. The AP may transmit at the selected beacon timing offsetor a subset of beacon timing offsets. The offset values may be generated(e.g., independently generated) by each AP with minimal coordination.The offset values may be generated by a central entity by, for example,using additional coordination and signaling.

One or more APs may truncate or stop transmission of a packet when theAPs may not complete the transmission before the next expected beaconframe. APs may monitor each of the beacon frames the APs may receiveand/or detect.

One or more non-AP STAs may be classified as fractional CSMA/CA groups.The BSS center group (e.g., group 1 in FIG. 6) may be allowed totransmit, or may be allowed to transmit except when the AP may transmitbeacon frames. The non-AP STAs may truncate or stop transmission, e.g.,the APs may not finish transmission before the next expected beaconframe.

The BSS edge groups (e.g., group 2 and group 3 in FIG. 6) maycommunicate according to their fractional CSMA/CA allocation. The non-APSTAs may truncate or stop transmission when they may not finishtransmission within the time allocated for the group.

Full or statistical orthogonality, e.g., using restricted access windowsmay be provided. FIG. 9 illustrates an example of partial statisticalorthogonality. A Restricted Access Window (RAW) may be a distributedcoordination function (DCF) window that may limit the STAs allowed totransmit in the uplink (e.g., as used in IEEE 802.11ah). A restrictedaccess window of various periodicities, window sizes, start times, andcoordination levels may be assigned to each group and used to restricttheir access to compete for the medium. Full or partial orthogonalitymay be enabled, for example, using an RAW.

One or more RAW parameters may be set up based on the orthogonalityneeded. The periodicity, window size, start time, and/or coordinationbetween adjacent BSSs of the RAW in the network may be adjusted to allowfor different amounts of coordination in the network. There interferinggroups may statistically overlap. The level of overlap may be determinedbased on an orthogonality factor.

In partial orthogonality (e.g., statistical orthogonality) periodic RAWmay be set up with fixed window size for each of the BSSs in the networkand random start times for the periodic RAW sessions for each of theBSSs in the network.

In full orthogonality, periodic RAW may be set up with fixed window sizefor each of the BSSs in the network and random start times for theperiodic RAW session. Odd BSSs may have a common window size and starttime. The even BSSs may have a different but common window size andstart time for even BSSs.

In partial orthogonality (e.g., statistical orthogonality), aperiodicRAW may be set up with a fixed window size for each of the BSSs in thenetwork and random start times for each of the BSSs in the network.Aperiodic RAW may be used with a random window size for each of the BSSsin the network and random start times for each of the BSSs in thenetwork.

In full orthogonality, aperiodic RAW may be set up with a fixed windowsize for each of the BSSs in the network and random start times for eachof the BSSs in the network, but with a common window size and start timefor odd BSSs, and a different but common window size and start time foreven BSSs. Aperiodic RAW may be used with a random window size for eachof the BSSs in the network and random start times for each of the BSSsin the network, but with a common window size and start time for oddBSSs, and a different but common window size and start time for evenBSSs.

A RAW parameters set may be assigned. The RAW group may be set to thedesired group ID, e.g., Group 1, Group 2 or Group 3. The RAW start timeand duration may be set. A maximum TPC parameter may be set, where theTPC parameter may indicate the maximum TPC for control frames in thegroup. STAs (e.g., for uplink transmission) and APs (e.g., for downlinktransmission) may access a channel based on the RAW parameters. TPC maybe performed using the maximum of each of the max_TPC parameters in thegroups with active RAW parameters. The raw parameters set may becentralized or distributed.

A simulator may be used to show the effect of the TPC and the fractionalCSMA/CA on the MAC goodput and energy efficiency of an overlapped BSSWLAN. The simulator may use parameters that may simulate an IEEE802.11ahnetwork. The uplink and downlink transmissions between the AP and theSTAs may be simulated.

For the network topology, a grid position allocator, e.g., with 16 APsset in a square 4×4 grid with BSS (x,y), (x=1, . . . 4, y=1, . . . , 4)indicating the BSS in horizontal position, x and vertical position, ymay be used. The STAs may be uniformly distributed in each BSS and eachBSS may have an effective radius, e.g., of 600 m with an inter-APspacing varying from 1200 m (e.g., normal non-overlapping BSS) to 800 m(e.g., OBSS scenario). The path loss may be given by:

PL=8+37.6 *log10(distance)

The TPC interval update may specify the rate at which TPC estimates maybe made. The rate may be based on a packet update interval or a beaconupdate interval. In packet update interval, the TPC estimate may be madeon each of the packets transmitted to a dedicated receiver. The updaterate may model the enhanced TPC scheme described herein. In beaconupdate interval case, the TPC estimate may be made once during a beaconinterval of 1.024 seconds. Additional simulation parameters are listedin Table 1.

TABLE 1 Parameter Value Mobility 3 km/hr Carrier Sensing MechanismRTS/CTS on Traffic UDP Constant bit Rate Traffic DirectionUplink/downlink Bandwidth 2 MHz Packet Size 500 bytes AMC AdaptiveAutomatic Rate Fallback (AARF) Path loss exponent 3.76 Reference pathloss (dB) 8.0 Shadow fading Std dev 8.0 TxGain and RxGain 3.0 dB CCAthreshold −92.0 dBm Energy detection threshold −88.0 dBm Max Tx Power 30dBm Target TPC power −85 dBm Energy Model WifiRadioEnergyModelBasicEnergySupplyVoltage 3.3 V TxCurrentA 0.144 Amp RxCurrentA 0.088 AmpIdleCurrentA 0.017 Amp CcaBusyCurrentA 0.0017 Amp SwitchingCurrentA426e−6 Amp

TPC and Fractional CSM/CA modeling may be provided. The TPC modeling mayinclude no TPC, basic TPC, unfiltered TPC, and filtered TPC. In no TPCmodeling, each of the STAs and APs may transmit at the maximum transmitpower. In basic TPC modeling, an AP may use a transmit power sufficientto reach the farthest STA in its BSS. STAs may transmit power to satisfythe link of the farthest STA in the BSS at a target received power toallow for reception of the lowest MCS. The target may established, e.g.,at −85 dBm. The transmit power used may be based on a single TPCrequest/response frame.

In unfiltered TPC modeling, the AP and the STAs may transmit at a powerthat may satisfy the link at a time interval. In the case w here thepacket may not directed at a specific STA (e.g., the beacon), the AP maytransmit at a power to satisfy the link of the farthest STA in the BSS.The TPC may be updated on a beacon interval. This modeling may be openloop link margin method (e.g., as provided in 802.11ah) with a perpacket update rate (e.g., the enhanced TPC).

In filtered TPC modeling, the AP and STAs may transmit at a power levelderived from the transmit power to satisfy the link at that point intime. The power used may be estimated by a unit norm, single pole IIRfilter of the form:

y(n)=a y(n−1)+(1−a)×(n),

where y(n) may be the transmit power, y(n−1) may be the transmit powerused in earlier transmissions, and x(n) may be the instantaneous powerneeded, a may be set to a value, e.g., of 0.8. In the case, the TPC maybe updated on a beacon interval. This modeling may be open loop linkmargin method (e.g., as provided in 802.11ah) with a per packet updaterate (e.g., the enhanced TPC). The results obtained here may be with andwithout fractional CSMA/CA.

FIGS. 10 to 13 illustrate an example of Energy Normalized MAC Goodput(e.g., in kbps/Joule) that is plotted against inter-AP spacing (e.g., inmeters) for the four middle BSSs of the exemplary 16 AP network asillustrated in FIG. 4. The middle BSSs may be chosen to eliminate theedge-effects on the performance. The energy Normalized MAC goodput maybe the ratio of the data payload that may be successfully delivered atthe MAC layer to the total transmission time and the energy that may beexpended by each of the elements of the network. The energy NormalizedMAC goodput may include the effect of MAC retransmissions and mayrepresent the capacity of the network. As illustrated in FIGS. 10 to 13,the inter-AP spacing may range from no over-lap (e.g., at 1200 m) tosignificant overlap (e.g., at 800 m).

FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 illustrate an example of downlink and uplinkperformances respectively, e.g., using per packet updates. FIG. 12 andFIG. 13 illustrate downlink and uplink performances respectively, e.g.,using beacon interval updates (e.g., 1.024 seconds updates).

As illustrated in FIG. 10, in downlink transmission with per packetupdates, the performance may demonstrate a manner of TPC with increasingoverlap based on the performance of the no TPC scheme. In the caseswhere F-CSMA/CA is off, unfiltered TPC may perform best with little orno overlap in the BSSs, while filtered TPC may perform best when thereis overlap. This may be due to the effect of the interference on thetransmit power estimation algorithm. With increasing overlap, theestimation algorithm may be less reliable based on the effect of one ormore factors, e.g., channel fading, interference, variation fromadjacent overlapping BSSs, etc. Filtering may help average theinterference and reduce the effect of the variation. The basic TPC mayperform the worst of the TPC models. With F-CSMA/CA, each of the TPCmodels may show an improvement in performance and unfiltered TPC mayhave the best performance at each of the levels of overlap unlikewithout F-CSMA/CA. F-CSMA/CA may coordinate the BSS-edge users, whichmay cause the variation in interference.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, in uplink transmissions using per packetupdates, with increasing overlap and no TPC, there is may be notransmission, e.g., at 800 m and 1000 m. In this case, the unfilteredTPC model, may perform best. In the uplink, the interference from STA toAP transmission in adjacent BSSs may be larger than in the downlink andas such, filtering may be needed to mitigate the effect of amis-estimation of the transmit power that may be needed due to theconstantly varying interference. In uplink transmissions, the receiver(e.g., the AP) may be far away enough from the edge STAs in this case tonot have the additional scheme. As the overlap increases, the value ofF-SCMA may be apparent, e.g., in the case where there may be no TPC(e.g., at 1000 m separation).

As illustrated in FIG. 12, in downlink transmission with beacon intervalupdates, the filtered TPC may perform best for the scenarios with andwithout F-CSMA/CA. The non-filtered case may perform even worse than thebasic TPC.

As illustrated in FIG. 13, in uplink transmission with beacon intervalupdates, filtered TPC may perform best, e.g., at 1200 m and 1000 moverlap but the basic TPC may perform best, e.g., at 800 m withoutF-CSMA/CA. This may be due to the use of ineffective TPC estimates. Thenon-filtered case may perform even worse than the basic TPC. WithF-CSMA/CA, the filtered TPC may perform best even with large overlap.

Combining filtered TPC with fractional CSMA/CA may be used to obtainbetter energy normalized goodput performances. The adaptation of thefilter parameter may enable the use of unfiltered or heavily filteredTPC estimates based on the direction of transmission (e.g.,uplink/downlink), and the rate of update in relation to the channelDoppler and interference variation.

FIGS. 14 to 17 illustrate examples of relative performance of anIEEE802.11ah network modeled with a filtered TPC model, beacon intervalupdates, and F-CSMA/CA off. The performance may be modeled havingdownlink and uplink with no overlap (e.g., 1200 m inter-AP separation)and/or downlink and uplink with overlap (e.g., 800 m inter-APseparation).

As illustrated in the FIGS. 14 to 17, the legend may indicate the TPCtype (e.g., filtered vs. unfiltered), the update rate (e.g., packetinterval vs. beacon interval), and the F-CSMA/CA state (e.g., on/off)used. The y-axis may indicate the percentage gain in energy normalizedMAC throughput of the different schemes over the 802.11ah TPC baselineperformance.

As illustrated in FIG. 14, in downlink transmission with no overlap,gains may be obtained by using enhanced TPC (e.g., up to 30%). Combiningenhanced TPC and F-CSMA/CA may realize gains of up to 50% over thebaseline scheme. As illustrated in FIG. 15, with overlap in BSSs, thebenefits of TPC and F-CSMA/CA may be apparent with gains, e.g., of up to80% over the baseline. As illustrated in FIG. 16, in uplink, with nooverlap, the benefits of the schemes may be limited as the receiver(e.g., the AP) may be far away from a transmitter. As illustrated inFIG. 17, in the OBSS scenario, gains of, e.g., up to 100% may beachieved.

Coordination of the transmission/reception of BSS-edge STAs in adjacentBSSs may result in performance improvement in fractional CSMA/CA. Thecoordination may be centralized or distributed between BSSs and mayrequire transmission of fractional CSMA/CA parameters such as timing,user priorities, random access window durations, beacon intervals etc.Coordination may be by an AP controller, multi-band master AP, orin-band master AP (e.g., in a centralized architecture), or BSS edge STApropagation (e.g., in a distributed architecture).

For fractional CSMA/CA coordination, information may be propagated in adistributed manner through the network. One or more APs in the networkmay define a master BSS. The master AP or BSS may announce itself as themaster AP to the network. The master AP may be manually set up, e.g.,during network installation. The master AP may be dynamicallydesignated, e.g., based on one or more network parameters. The master APmay be located near the center of the network. The master AP may sendthe parameters of its elected groups. The information may include, e.g.,number of groups, start time and duration of orthogonal time slots usedassociated with BSS-edge group (e.g., in the case of orthogonal timing)and start time and duration of restricted access windows slots usedassociated with BSS-edge group (e.g., in the case ofpartially-orthogonal timing using a statistical method). The informationmay further include start time, duration, and priorities associated withBSS-edge group (e.g., in the ease of partially-orthogonal timing usingthe user priority method).

BSS edge STAs in the overlapping regions may overhear the neighboring APand may relay (e.g., periodically relay) the information to the APs, theSTAs are associated with. A new AP added to the network may adjust itsparameters based on the incoming information and send this informationon its beacon. The information relayed may include, e.g., the distancefrom the master AP. The distance parameter may enable the parameterestimation to give higher priority to APs that are located nearer to themaster AP. The neighboring STAs may overhear the information and maypropagate the coordination information throughout the network.

Frequency Domain Fractional CSMA/CA may be provided. An AP may performfractional CSMA, e.g., when the AP senses interference from anoverlapping BSSs (e.g., from other APs). Intra-BSS F-CSMA grouping maybe provided. For example, an AP may divide one or more users into acenter group and an edge group. The AP may request one or more stations(STAs) to report grouping measurements (e.g., necessary groupingmeasurements) by .sending an intra-BSS F-CSMA Grouping Request frame.The AP may receive from the STAs an intra-BSS F-CSMA Grouping Responseframe. The STAs may send the intra-BSS F-CSMA Grouping Response frame inresponse to the intra-BSS F-CSMA Grouping Request frame. The AP mayrequest the STAs to send one or more of received RSSI, SNR, or SINR asfeedback. The AP may use the received feedback information to performgrouping. The AP may request the STAs to provide transmit power andnecessary processing margin. The AP may calculate the SNR for each STAusing the uplink traffic. The AP may use the transmit power andprocessing margin information to perform grouping.

Maintenance of the intra-BSS F-CSMA group may be provided. When a STAassociates with the AP, the AP may not have the necessary information toassign the STA a group. The AP may treat the STA as a member of the edgegroup, e.g., until the AP receives necessary grouping information. TheAP may query one or more of the STAs to perform the grouping algorithm,e.g., if the A P determines the current group for STAs may not besuitable. The AP may communicate (e.g., broadcast or multicast) anintra-BSS F-CSMA Grouping Request frame to the STAs. The AP may requestthe STAs to perform the grouping procedure. A cluster head maycommunicate (e.g., broadcast) the grouping request information aftercreating a cluster. One or more APs, for example, not part of thecluster may decide to join the cluster. For example, the APs may jointhe cluster after the cluster is formed. The AP may repeat the frame oneach of the sub-channels with transmit power control. The AP may assigndifferent time slots for the one or more groups (e.g., two groups) ofSTAs to feedback the intra-BSS F-CSMA Grouping Response frame. The STAsmay use the corresponding time slot to send the feedback frame. Forexample, the STAs may use the time slot according to their currentgroup. A STA may request the AP to check whether the STA may move toanother group by sending necessary information to the AP.

The AP may announce the grouping information in intra-BSS Parameter Setelement, e.g., when the intra-BSS F-CSMA grouping is determined. Theintra-BSS Parameter Set element may be transmitted by one or more of aBeacon frame, a probe response frame, an association authenticationframe, or a reassociation response frame.

F-CSMA frequency allocation may be provided. FIG. 18 illustrates anexample of frequency domain F-CSMA frequency allocation. As illustratedin FIG. 18, one or more STAs (e.g., center STAs) may be assigned toGroup 1 and the edge STAs may be assigned to Group 2 or Group 3, e.g.,depending on the BSS. The frequency allocation may be one of theOrthogonal Frequency Bands with the same STA/AP bandwidth. OrthogonalFrequency Bands with Different STA/AP Bandwidths, or OrthogonalFrequency Bands with the same STA/AP bandwidth, but different datatransmission bands.

As illustrated in FIG. 18 (case (a)), in Orthogonal Frequency Bands withthe same STA/AP bandwidth, each of the STAs may have the same bandwidthand each group may be transmitted in a separate WLAN band (e.g., a 20MHz band). As illustrated in FIG. 18, Group 1 1802 may transmit on Band1 or Band 2, Group 2 1804 may transmit on Band 1 while Group 3 1806 maytransmit on Band 2.

As illustrated in FIG. 18 (case (b)), in Orthogonal Frequency Bands withDifferent STA/AP Bandwidths, the center STAs transmit using a differentbandwidth from the edge STAs (e.g., 40 MHz vs. 20 MHz transmission).Group 1 1808 may transmit on Band 1 and Band 2. Group 2 1804 maytransmit on Band 1 while Group 3 1806 may transmit on Band 2.

As illustrated in FIG. 18 (case (c)), in Orthogonal Frequency Bands withthe same STA/AP bandwidth but different data transmission bands, each ofthe STAs may have the same bandwidth and each group may be transmittedthe same WLAN band (e.g., a 20 MHz band). Within the transmission band,one or more groups may be assigned different sub-carriers/sub-bands. Thesub-carriers/sub-bands may be contiguous and/or distributed. Asillustrated in FIG. 18 (case (c)), Group 1 1810 may transmit on theentire band, Group 2 1812 may transmit on sub-band 1 while group 3 1814may transmit on sub-band 2. The frequency bands may be partiallyorthogonal and/or randomly assigned, allowing some level of overlapbetween Groups 2 and Group 3.

An AP may perform Intra-BSS F-CSMA using one or more of the followingrules. For example, in case of the users that belong to the centergroup, the AP may allocate one or mote sub-channels available to theBSS. In case of the users that belong to the edge group, the AP maycoordinate with overlapping BSS (OBSS) STAs and assign one or moresub-channels) to them to limit the interference. In case of the usersthat may join (e.g., newly join) the BSS and have no group is assigned,the AP may treat them temporarily as edge group users, and assign theedge group sub-channels to them. The AP may assign one or moresub-channel(s) for uplink random access sub-channel(s) where each of theassociated STAs may utilize to ask for uplink resource allocation. Whenintra-BSS F-CSMA is utilized, the AP may allocate the one or more edgegroup sub-channels for uplink random access sub-channels for each of theusers. The AP may schedule the two groups of users using differentsub-channels for uplink random access. The two groups of users mayperform the uplink random access simultaneously on the same time slot,or on different time slots.

An AP may have F-CSMA channel access and regular CSMA channel access.Within F-CSMA channel access period, intra-BSS F-CSMA may be performedas described herein. Within CSMA channel access period, the AP maychoose whether F-CSMA is utilized. If F-CSMA is utilized, the AP may usetime/frequency domain F-CSMA scheme defined in previous embodiments orthe AP may transmit to the two groups using different power controlalgorithms and CCA thresholds.

The F-CSMA may be combined with transmit power control so that thecenter BSS transmission in one BSS may not impact the interfered BSS.The transmit power, e.g., may be adjusted based on the group in theactive CSMA/CA pool. The maximum transmit power may determine the powerat which control frames to each of the STAs may be sent. For example, ifgroup 1 is in the pool, the maximum transmit power may be limited to theworst STA in the limited group, e.g., the STA that may need the maximumtransmit power in Group 1. The maximum transmit power may be used forthe data and/or the control frames. If each of the STAs are in the pool,the maximum transmit power may be limited to the worst STA in the BSS,e.g., the STA that may require the maximum transmit power in the BSS.

Inter-BSS Coordination may be provided. APs may conduct inter-BSScoordination in order to achieve the optimal operations for FrequencyDomain Fractional CSMA/CA (FD F-CSMA). Such inter-BSS coordination maybe distributed or centralized. In addition. FD F-CSMA may be uniform foreach of the BSSs, for example, in a uniformly deployed hot spotscenario, or it may be customized for each BSS and may be negotiated byindividual APs in the neighboring BSSs.

An AP that may be capable of inter-BSS coordination for FD F-CSMA mayinclude an Inter-BSS Coordination Capability element in its beacon,probe request/response. (re)association request/response, and/or othertype management, control or extension frames to indicate its FD-F-CSMAinter-BSS coordination capabilities.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of the Inter-BSS Coordination Capabilityelement. The information element may include one or more of an ElementID field 1902, a Length field 1904, an Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA Coordinationfield 1906, a FD F-CSMA Capabilities field 1908, a Coordination Channelfield 1910, or a Coordination Method field 1912.

The Element ID 1902 field may indicate that the current element is anInter-BSS Coordination Capability element. The Length field 1904 mayindicate that the length of the Inter-BSS Coordination Capabilityelement. The Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA Coordination field 1906 may indicatewhether the transmitting STA/AP is capable of Inter-BSS FD F-CSMACoordination. For example, the Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA Coordination field1906 may be implemented as one bit. The Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA Coordinationfield 1906 may indicate that the transmitting STA/AP is capable ofInter-BSS FD F-CSMA Coordination, e.g., when the bit is set to a valueof 1. The bit may indicate that the Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA capability maybe part of an Inter-BSS Coordination Capability field. The Inter-BSSCoordination Capability field 1906 may indicate the capabilities forcoordination between the BSSs. The capability of inter-BSS FD F-CSMAcoordination may be indicated by the inclusion of the Inter-BSSCoordination Capability element.

The FD F-CSMA Capabilities field 1908 may indicate the various FD F-CSMAcapabilities that the transmitting STA/AP may be capable of. The FDF-CSMA Capabilities field 1908 may include one or more of a Uniform FDF-CSMA subfield, an Individual FD F-CSMA subfield, a Sectorized FDF-CSMA subfield, a Detailed OBSS reporting subfield, an Individual STAsFD F-CSMA feedback subfield, or an FD F-CSMA Resources subfield.

The Uniform FD F-CSMA subfield may indicate that the transmitting STA/APis capable of conducting uniform FD F-CSMA in its BSS (e.g., assigned bya centralized coordinator in an uniformly deployed OBSS scenario). TheIndividual FD F-CSMA subfield may indicate that the transmitting STA/APis capable of conducting individual FD F-CSMA in its BSS (e.g.,negotiating with APs in the neighboring BSS). The Sectorized FD F-CSMAsubfield may indicate that the transmitting STA/AP is capable ofconducting individual FD F-CSMA in each sectors of its BSS. The DetailedOBSS reporting subfield may indicate whether the transmitting STA/AP iscapable of providing detailed information on the OBSS operations or OBSSFD F-CSMA operations. Individual STAs FD F-CSMA feedback subfield mayindicate that the transmitting STA/AP is capable of receiving feedbackon the FD F-CSMA behavior for one or more individual STAs in its BSS.The FD F-CSMA Resources subfield may indicate the FD F-CSMA Resourcesthat the transmitting STA/AP is capable of adjusting for its FD F-CSMAoperations in its BSS.

The FD F-CSMA Resources subfield may include one or more of a Channelsub-subfield, a Sub-carrier Groups sub-subfield, a Resource Blockssub-subfield, or a Sectors sub-subfield. The Channel sub-subfield mayindicate that the FD F-CSMA is based on channels. The Sub-carrier Groupssub-subfield may indicate that the FD F-CSMA is based on sub-carriergroups. The Resource Blocks sub-subfield may indicate that the FD F-CSMAis based on resource blocks. The Sectors sub-subfield may indicate thatthe FD F-CSMA is based on sectors. This sub-subfield may be used incombination with one of the other sub-subfields in this field toindicate the exact FD F-CSMA resources used in each of the sectors ofthe transmitting STA/AP's BSS.

As illustrated in FIG. 19, the Coordination Channel field 1910 mayindicate the channel, sub-carrier group or RB that the transmittingSTA/AP uses for coordination for the FD F-CSMA or other types ofinter-BSS coordination. The Coordination Method field 1910 may includeone or more of a Distributed subfield, a Centralized subfield, aCoordinator Capable subfield, a Coordinator subfield, a CoordinationRelay Capable subfield, a Coordination Relay subfield, or a Coordinationinterface subfield.

The Distributed subfield may indicate that the transmitting STA-AP iscapable of distributed inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordination. The Centralizedsubfield may indicate that the transmitting STA/AP is capable ofcentralized inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordination. The Coordinator Capablesubfield may indicate whether the transmitting STA/AP is capable offunctioning as the centralized coordinator. The Coordinator subfield mayindicate whether the transmitting STA/AP currently functions as thecentralized coordinator. The Coordination Relay Capable subfield mayindicate whether the transmitting STA/AP is capable of relayingcoordination related traffic. The Coordination Relay subfield mayindicate whether the transmitting STA/AP currently functions as a relayfor coordination related traffic. The Coordination interface subfieldmay indicate the interface that the transmitting STA/AP may use forcoordination for the FD F-CSMA or other types of inter-BSS coordination.For example, the interface may be the same 802.11 interface throughwhich the current Inter-BSS Coordination element may be transmitted or adifferent 802.11 interface, which may be on a different frequency band,or a wired interface (e.g., an Ethernet interface, a Distribution System(DS), etc.), or other type of wireless interface.

As illustrated in FIG. 19, the coordination method field 1912 mayindicate the coordination method used. The coordination method may becentralized or distributed.

An inter-BSS Coordination Operation element may be provided. TheInter-BSS Coordination Operation element may have the same fields as theInter-BSS Coordination Capability element except that the Element IDfield may indicate that the current element is an Inter-BSS CoordinationOperation element.

The Inter-BSS Coordination Capability and/or Operation element(s), orany set or subset of any fields or subfields thereof, may be implementedas a part of information element, such as HEW/VHSE Capability element,HEW/VHSE Operation element, or a part of a control, management orextension frames.

An AP may include the Inter-BSS Coordination Capability element in itsbeacon, short beacon, probe response, association response or othertypes of frames such as control, management, or extension frames, e.g.,if an AP is capable of inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordination. If an STA iscapable of supporting certain inter-BSS FD F-CSMA capabilities, such asDetailed OBSS Reporting, or Coordination Relay Capable, the STA mayinclude an inter-BSS Coordination Capability element in its proberequest, (re)association request, or other types of frames such ascontrol, management or extension frames. An AP may reject(re)association request from a STA based on the STA's Inter-BSS FDF-CSMA capabilities. An AP may send Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordinationrelated packets to another AP or STA, e.g., if the STA/AP has indicatedthat they are also Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordination capable. An AP orSTA may send an Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordination related packets toanother AP or STA to forward to another AP or the centralizedcoordination, e.g., if the AP or STA has indicated that they are capableof Coordination Relay and/or they are currently functioning as aCoordination Relay.

An AP or STA may provide a detailed report on the overlapping BSS' thatit may detect using the OBSS Reporting element to another AP or acentral Inter-BSS coordinator (IBC). FIG. 20 illustrates an example ofthe OBSS Reporting element. The OBSS Reporting element may include oneor more of an Element ID field 2002, a Length field 2004, Number ofFields field 2006, or one or more fields, e.g., Field 1 2024 to Field N2026.

The Element ID field 2002 may indicate that the current element is anOBSS Reporting element. The Length field 2004 may indicate that thelength of the OBSS Reporting element. The Number of Fields field 2006may indicate the number of reporting fields included. Each of the Field1 to Field N reporting fields may include a report of the type specifiedin Report Type subfield. Each of the Field 1 to Field N may include aReport Type subfield 2008, an ID subfield 2010, an AP subfield 2012, aSector subfield 2014, an Inter-BSS Coordination Info subfield 2016, aMeasured FD F-CSMA resources subfield 2018, a Medium Occupation subfield2020, or Signal Power subfield 2022.

The Report Type subfield 2008 may indicate the type of reported entitiesincluded in the current reporting Field. The Report Type subfield 2008may include one or more of BSSs (e.g., the report may be a report on aBSS), one or more Sector(s) (e.g., the report may be a report on a BSS′sector), one or more STA(s) (e.g., the report may be a report on one ormore STAs, such as an individual STA or a group of STAs), a Coordinator(e.g., the report may be on a central inter-BSS coordinator), aCoordination Relay (e.g., the report may be on a coordination relay), anInterference report (e.g., this report may be on interference that maynot be determined to be related a BSS, such as non-Wi-Fi interference,or WLAN packets that cannot be decoded).

The ID subfield 2010 may indicate the ID of the entity being reported.The ID may be implemented using the MAC address and/or the BSSID, e.g.,when the report type is BSS or Sector(s). The ID may be implementedusing the MAC address of the Coordinator or Coordination Relay, e.g.,when the report type is Coordinator or Coordination Relay. The ID may beimplemented using the MAC address of the STA or the group address orgroup ID of a group of STAs, e.g., when the report type is STA(s).

The AP subfield 2012 may be included, for example, when the report typeis Sector(s). STA(s). This subfield may be implemented using the MACaddress of the AP. The Sector subfield 2214 may indicate the sector ofthe AP's BSS for which the Resource allocation may apply.

The Inter-BSS Coordination Info subfield 2016 may include theinformation found in the Inter-BSS Coordination Capability or Operationelement transmitted by the STA/AP. The AP subfield 2012 may indicate NoInter-BSS Coordination, e.g., if the BSS of the reported entity is notcapable of Inter-BSS Coordination.

The Measured FD F-CSMA resources subfield 2018 may indicate the FDF-CSMA resources for which the reported measurement may be conducted.The Measured FD F-CSMA resources subfield 2018 may indicate channel(s),sub-carrier group(s). Resource Block(s). The Measured FD F-CSMA resourcemay be included once in front of the reporting fields or in one of thereporting fields, e.g., if the measured FD F-CSMA resources are the samefor each of the reporting fields.

The Medium Occupation subfield 2020 may indicate the measured mediumoccupation time of the entity being reported. The measured mediumoccupation time may be implemented as a percentage of unit time or maybe implemented using mean, maximal and minimal value of the percentageof unit time.

The Signal Power subfield 2022 may include the Signal Power that may bereceived from the BSS or the STA being reported. The Signal Powersubfield 2022 may include one or more of a received signal power fromthe AP of the BSS of the reported entity, a received signal power fromthe STAs which are part of the reported entity, each of the signal powermay be implemented as a tuple of (max, min, average) or a list ofpercentile values or as a distribution.

The OBSS Report element, or a set or subset of the fields or subfieldsthereof may be implemented as a part of an information element or a partof a control, management, or extension frames. In OBSS reporting, an APmay conduct measurement for one or more of its neighboring BSSs. The APmay create an OBSS Report element. The AP may request a STA, e.g., inits BSS, to conduct measurements for one or more of its neighboring BSSsand create an OBSS Report element and send it to the AP. A STA mayprovide an unsolicited OBSS Report element to its AP, e.g., if the STAexperiences high interference from an OBSS. An AP or a STA may constructan OBSS Report element on one or a group of STAs, or sectors, e.g., ifthe AP or the STA experiences high level of interference from thatparticular entity. An AP may request a STA to provide information usingan OBSS Report element of a presence of an Inter-BSS Coordinator or aCoordination Relay.

In a distributed Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordination, an AP, e.g., AP1 inBSS1, may conduct negotiation (e.g., one-on-one negotiation) withanother AP, e.g., AP2 in BSS2. The AP1 may include an OBSS Reportelement on BSS2 or entities within BSS2, or parts thereof as a part ofthe negotiation packet exchanges. As a part of the FD F-CSMA negotiationpacket exchanges, AP1 may include OBSS Report elements on multiple OBSSsor other reported entities or parts thereof.

In Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA coordination (e.g., centralized Inter-BSS FDF-CSMA coordination), an AP may construct one or more OBSS Reportelements on each of the OBSSs or other reported entities within each ofthe OBSSs. The AP may forward the OBSS Report elements to an IBC. An APmay request an STA and/or an AP that may function as Coordination Relayto forward the OBSS Report element or parts thereof to a target AP or anIBC. An AP may periodically send OBSS Report elements on its OBSS to itsneighboring APs or the IBC for updates.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a Centralized FD F-CSMA CoordinationRequest frame. An AP may send a Centralized Inter-BSS FD F-CSMACoordination Request (CIBCReq) to an IBC. The CIBCReq may be implementedas an HEW/VHSE action frame or HEW/VHSE Action no ACK frame. Asillustrated in FIG. 21, the CIDBReq frame may include one or more of a MAC Header field 2102, an Action field 2104, a Desired FD F-CSMAAllocation field 2106, or an OBSS Report field 2108. The Action field2104 may include a Category subfield and/or an Action Details subfield.The Category subfield may be indicated as HEW/VHSE. The Action Derailssubfield may indicate that the frame is a CIBCReq frame. The CIBCReq maybe may be communicated as one of an extension frame, a management frame,or a control frame. The CIBCReq may include additional fields includingan OBSS Report field 2108, and Desired FD F-CSMA Allocation field. TheOBSS Report field 2108 may be implemented using the OBSS Report elementor include parts thereof. The OBSS Report field 2108 may includereporting fields for multiple entities in the OBSS of the reportingAP/BSS.

An AP may include a Desired FD F-CSMA Allocation field to indicate theFD F-CSMA Allocation desired by the transmitting AP/BSS. The Desired FDF-CSMA Allocation field may be implemented using the FD F-CSMAAllocation element. FIG. 22 illustrates an example of an FD F-CSMAAllocation element. As illustrated in FIG. 22, the Desired FD F-CSMAAllocation element may include one or more of an Element ID field 2202,a Length field 2204, a Number of fields field 2206, or one or morefields (e.g., Field 1 2208 to Field N 2210.

The Element ID field 2202 may indicate that the current element is a FDF-CSMA Allocation element. The Element ID field 2202 may be included inthe CIBCReq frame. The Length field 2204 may indicate the length of theelement. The Number of fields field 2206 may indicate the number offields included in this element. This field may be omitted, e.g., if thenumber of fields is fixed. Each of the fields Field I 2208 to Field N2210 may include the allocation of the FD F-CSMA resources. Each of thefields Field 1 2208 to Field N 2210 may include one or more subfields,e.g., a Threshold subfield 2212, a Traffic load subfield 2214, an FDF-CSMA Resources subfield 2216. a Sector subfield 2218, a Transmit powersubfield 2220.

The Threshold subfield 2212 may indicate the area for which thespecified FD F-CSMA Resource allocation may apply. The Thresholdsubfield 2212 may be provided as a distance, e.g., distance from the AP,or a signal power value, e.g., as measured at the AP. The Thresholdfield 2212 may be implemented as the maximal or the minimal value forwhich the FD F-CSMA Resource allocation may apply. For example, the FDF-CSMA resources allocation may apply for each of the STAs that may beat least Threshold meters away from the AP. The FD F-CSMA resourcesallocation may apply for each of the STAs that may not be more thanThreshold meters away from the AP. The FD F-CSMA resource allocation maybe valid for STAs whose parameters fall between the current thresholdvalue and the threshold value of the immediately previous field (or 0 orinfinity depending whether the threshold value is maximal or minimal),e.g., if multiple field are included.

The AP may include (e.g., optionally include) in the Traffic LoadSubfield 2214 the expected traffic load for the area which e.g., may bedetermined using the Threshold value specified by the Threshold subfield2212. The FD F-CSMA Resources subfield 2216 may indicate the FD F-CSMAResources requested by the AP. The FD F-CSMA Resources subfield 2216 maybe implemented as channel(s), sub-carrier groups, or resource blocks(RBs). A number may be used to refer to the pro-defined patterns orgroups of resources, e.g., if the resources are grouped into pre-definedpatterns. The Sector subfield 2218 may indicate the sector of the AP'sBSS for which the Resource allocation may apply. The Transmit powersubfield 2220 may indicate the transmit power to be used for the STAslocated in the area using the proposed FD F-CSMA resources.

The FD F-CSMA Allocation element, or a set or subset of any fields orsubfields thereof, may be implemented as any part of an element (e.g., anew or an existing element), or a part of a control frame, a managementframe, or an extension frame.

An AP may request an STA and/or an AP to function as a CoordinationRelay to forward a CIBCReq to an IBC. The AP may use the Coordinationmethod indicated by the IBC in its Inter-BSS CoordinationCapability/Operation element.

An IBC may maintain a database of the OBSS reports on each of thedeployed BSSs. When the IBC receives a CIBCReq frame from an AP, e.g.,if a Desired FD F-CSMA Allocation is included, the IBC may evaluatewhether the proposed FD F-CSMA Allocation is acceptable. The IBC mayreply with a Centralized Inter-BSS Coordination Reply (CIBCRep)accepting the proposed FD F-CSMA Allocation, e.g., if the FD F-CSMAAllocation is acceptable. The IBC may deny the proposal and include aproposed FD F-CSMA Allocation in the CIBCRep, e.g., if the proposed FDF-CSMA Allocation is not acceptable. The IBC may provide an assignedallocation for the AP in the CIBCRep frame, e.g., if the AP docs notinclude any proposed FD F-CSMA allocation in its CIBCRep frame. FIG. 23illustrates an example of a CIBCRep frame. The CIBCRep may beimplemented as an HEW/VHSE Action frame or an HEW/VHSE Action no ACKframe. As illustrated in FIG. 23, the CIBSRep frame may include one ormore of a MAC Header 2302, an Action field 2304, a Results field 2306,or an FD F-CSMA. Allocation field 2308. The Action field 2304 mayinclude a Category subfield and/or an Action detail subfield. TheCategory subfield may be indicated as HEW/VHSE. The Action detail fieldmay indicate that it is a CIBCRep frame. The CIBCReq may be defined asone of an extension frame, a management frame, or a control or. TheResults field 2306 may indicate whether the proposed FD F-CSMAAllocation is accepted or denied. The FD F-CSMA Allocation field 2308may be the proposed FD F-CSMA Allocation by the IBC.

An AP may receive the CIBCRep frame from an IBC. The AP may ACK thereceived CIBCReq frame and may start to use the FD F-CSMA allocation,e.g., if the AP's proposed Allocation has been accepted by the IBCand/or the AP decides to accept the assigned FD F-CSMA Allocation by theIBC. The AP may repeat the Inter-BSS Coordination process by sendinganother CIBCReq frame to the IBC until a satisfactory assignment of theFD F-CSMA allocation has been received.

The distributed Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA Coordination may be provided. An APmay send a Distributed Inter-BSS FD F-CSMA Coordination Request(DIBCReq) to each of its overlapping BSSs. The DIBCReq may be similar tothe CIBCReq. The DIBCReq may be implemented as an HEW/VHSE Action frameor an HEW/VHSE Action no ACK frame. In the Action field of the DIBCReqframe, the Category subfield may be indicated as HEW/VHSE. The Actiondetail subfield may indicate that it is a DIBCReq frame. The DIBCReq maybe defined one of an extension frame, a management frame, or a controlframe. The DIBCReq may include OBSS Report and Desired FD F-CSMAAllocation fields.

The OBSS Report field may be implemented using the OBSS Report elementor include parts thereof. The OBSS Report may include reporting fieldsfor multiple entities in the OBSS of the reporting AP/BSS.

An AP may include the Desired FD F-CSMA Allocation field to indicate theFD F-CSMA Allocation desired by the transmitting AP/BSS. The Desired FDF-CSMA Allocation Field may be implemented using the FD F-CSMAAllocation element, e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 22.

An AP may request an STA and/or an AP that functions as a CoordinationRelay that it may forward the DIBCReq to the APs of its OBSS. Each APcapable of distributed Inter-BSS FD F-CSM A Coordination may maintain adatabase of the OBSS reports on each of its OBSS. When an AP receives aDIBCReq frame from a requesting AP, the AP may evaluate whether theproposed FD F-CSMA Allocation is acceptable for its own BSS, e.g., if aDesired FD F-CSMA Allocation is included. The AP may reply with aDistributed Inter-BSS Coordination Reply (DIBCRep) frame (e.g., asillustrated in FIG. 23). The AP may accept the proposed FD F-CSMAAllocation, e.g., if the FD F-CSMA Allocation is acceptable. The AP maydeny the proposal and may include a proposed FD F-CSM A Allocation inthe DIBCRep, e.g., if the proposed FD F-CSMA Allocation is notacceptable. The DIBCRep frame may be similar to the CIBCRep. The DIBCRepmay be implemented as a HEW/VHSE Action frame or HEW/VHSE Action no ACKframe. In the Action field, the Category subfield may be indicated asHEW/VHSE, and the Action detail field may indicate that it is a DIBCRepframe. The DIBCReq may be defined as an extension frame, or any othertype of management, control or extension frames. The DIBCReq may have aResults field and an FD F-CSMA Allocation field. The Results field mayindicate whether the proposed FD F-CSMA Allocation is accepted ordenied. The FD F-CSMA Allocation field maybe the proposed FD F-CSMAAllocation by the responding AP.

The requesting AP may start to use the FD F-CSMA allocation if each ofthe APs (or a particular set of APs) in its OBSS may have accepted itsproposed Allocation, e.g., when the requesting AP receives the DIBCRepframe from each OBSS AP or from a particular set of APs. The AP mayrepeat the Inter-BSS Coordination process by sending an DIBCReq frame toeach of the APs of its OBSS until a satisfactory FD F-CSMA allocationhas been accepted by each of the APs in its OBSS or by a particular setof APs.

Coordinated Block-Based Resource Allocation (COBRA) with FractionalCSMA/CA may be provided. The combination of COBRA with fractional CSMAmay provide a flexible operation with limited co-channel interference.FIG. 24 illustrates an example of COBRA F-CSMA. As illustrated in FIG.24 each BSS may be associated with a center group and/or an edge group.The association with a center group and/or an edge group may depend onthe transmit power of the AP and/or power control algorithms utilized bythe WLAN system. In some scenarios, a group (e.g., a center group or anedge group) in a BSS may be provided. The transmission in the centergroup may have no interference with neighboring overlapping BSSs. Theedge group may be expected to experience a level of interference fromOBSSs. As illustrated by example in FIG. 24, the four BSSs 2404, 2406,2408, and 2410 may operate on the same channel (e.g., frequency reusemay be equal to 1). Each COBRA AP may have tour sub-channels. For userslocated within center group, the COBRA APs may follow COBRA process andallocate one or more sub-channels to each COBRA user. For users locatedwithin edge group, the overlapping COBRA APs may coordinate in acentralized or distributed w-ay to assign sub-channels, such that theinterference between OBSS is limited. These sub-channels may be referredas edge sub-channels. For center group users one or more sub-channelsmay be assigned that are distinct from the edge sub-channels. The powercontrol procedures utilized for these center and the edge groups may bedifferent.

As illustrated in FIG. 24, the four BSSs 2404, 2406, 2408, and 2410 mayoperate on overlapped channels (e.g., channels 1, 2,3, and 4). The BSSsmay operate on fully overlapping or partially overlapping channels. Forexample, AP1 2412 may operate on 80 GHz channel including channels 48,52, 56, or 60, AP2 2414 may operate on channels 52, 56, 60, or 64, AP32416 may operate on channels 48, 52, and AP4 2418 may operate onchannels 52 or 56. One or more sub-channels in one BSS may be overlappedpartially with sub-channels in another BSS. The users in center group ofeach BSS may use each of the sub-channels. The users in edge group, forexample, AP1 2412 may use channel 48, AP2 2414 may use channel 64, AP32416 may use channel 52, and AP4 2418 may use channel 56.

Intra-BSS COBRA F-CSMA may be provided. A COBRA AP may use fractionalCSMA. e.g., when the AP senses the interference from other overlappingBSSs. COBRA F-CSMA may provide user grouping. The COBRA AP may dividethe users into center group and edge group. The COBRA AP may request theSTAs to provide feedback regarding one or more of the received RSSI,SNR, or SINR. The AP may use the received feedback information toperform grouping. The COBRA AP may request the STAs to provide transmitpower and necessary processing margin so that the AP may calculate theSINR for each STA using the uplink traffic. The AP may use the transmitpower and necessary processing margin information to perform grouping.The COBRA AP may request the STAs to report necessary groupingmeasurements, e.g., by sending the COBRA F-CSMA Grouping Request frame.The STAs may reply with a COBRA F-CSMA Grouping Response frame.

Maintenance of the COBRA F-CSMA group may be provided. For example, theAP may not know the necessary information to assign the STA a group. TheAP may treat the STA as a member of edge group until the AP gets enoughgrouping information. The AP may request one or more STAs to performgrouping algorithm, e.g., if the AP discovers that the current group forthe STAs may not be suitable. The AP may broadcast and/or multicast aCOBRA F-CSMA Grouping Request frame to STAs that may be requested or mayrequest to perform grouping procedure. The AP may repeat the frame oneach of the sub-channels with transmit power control. The AP may assigndifferent time slots for the two groups of STAs to feedback the COBRAF-CSMA Grouping Response frame. The STAs, e.g., according to theircurrent group may use the corresponding time slot to feedback the frame.A STA may request the AP to check whether the STA may move to anothergroup by sending necessary information to the AP.

When the COBRA F-CSMA grouping is assigned, the AP may announce thegrouping information in a COBRA Parameter Set element. The COBRAParameter Set element may be transmitted via one of a beacon frame, aprobe response frame, an association authentication frame, or areassociation response frame.

A COBRA AP may perform COBRA F-CSMA. The AP may allocate one or moresub-channels available to the BSS to the users in a center group. The APmay coordinate with OBSS STAs and assign one or more sub-channel(s) tothe edge group users to limit the interference. For users that may jointhe BSS with no assigned group, the AP may treat them temporally as edgegroup users, and assign the edge group sub-channels.

COBRA may allow the STAs to transmit uplink transmission request throughone or more sub-channels, e.g., using random access scheme. The COBRA APmay assign one or more sub-channel(s) for uplink random accesssub-channel(s). Each of the associated STAs may request for uplinkresource allocation. In COBRA F-CSMA, the COBRA AP may allocate the oneor more edge group sub-channels for uplink random access sub-channelsfor each of the users. One or more (e.g., two) groups of users may bescheduled using different sub-channels for uplink random access. The Oneor more (e.g., two) groups of users may perform the uplink random access(e.g., simultaneously) on the same time slot, or on different timeslots.

A COBRA AP may have COBRA channel access and CSMA channel access. WithinCOBRA channel access period, COBRA F-CSMA may be performed as describedherein. Within CSMA channel access period, the COBRA AP may determinewhether F-CSMA is utilized. If F-CSMA is utilized, the COBRA AP may usetime/frequency domain F-CSMA (e.g., as described herein), or the COBRAAP may transmit to one or more groups using different power controlalgorithms and CCA thresholds.

Inter-BSS COBRA F-CSMA may be provided. Co-channel or overlapping BSSsmay coordinate and perform COBRA F-CSMA. Systems, methods, andinstrumentalities used to coordinate between OBSSs are herein described.

One or more distributed methods of inter-BSS COBRA F-CSMA may beprovided. Distributed systems, methods, and instrumentalities to beginand/or to join a COBRA F-CSMA cluster may be provided. The COBRA AP maybegin a COBRA F-CSMA cluster by sending out the COBRA F-CSMAtransmission request frame to one or mom neighboring OBSS COBRA APs.e.g., if a COBRA AP docs not detect any COBRA F-CSMA information elementin the neighboring OBSS APs. The COBRA F-CSMA transmission request framemay be transmitted on one or more of each of the sub-channels the AP mayoperates on. The transmission request frame may be encoded and modulatedon each sub-channels (e.g., independently modulated), and repeated withor without phase rotation on each of the sub-channels, such that otherAPs operating on partially overlapped BSS may decode the packet. TheCOBRA AP may begin the COBRA F-CSMA transmission after sending thetransmission request frame. The COBRA AP may include a COBRA F-CSMAinformation element, e.g., in a Beacon frame to announce the COBRAF-CSMA transmission periodically. The COBRA CSMA information element maybe updated, e.g., when a new AP joins the transmission or an existing APleaves the transmission cluster.

The COBRA APs that may receive the COBRA F-CSMA transmission requestframe, and may participate in the COBRA F-CSMA transmission, may replywith a COBRA F-CSMA transmission reply frame. The COBRA APs that maymiss the COBRA F-CSMA transmission request frame, but may receive theCOBRA F-CSMA information element from other COBRA APs may send a COBRAF-CSMA transmission reply frame to the COBRA F-CSMA cluster. The COBRAF-CSMA information element may be included in a Beacon frame.

The COBRA AP may perform one or more of the following actions, e.g., ifa COBRA AP attempts to initiate COBRA F-CSMA transmission and each ofthe edge sub-channels it may utilize are used by neighboring COBRA APs.The COBRA AP may send a COBRA F-CSMA negotiation frame to one or moreCOBRA APs that may occupy the potential edge sub-channel the inquiringCOBRA AP intends to utilize and check whether inquired COBRA APs may useother edge sub-channels. The COBRA AP may share one edge sub-channelwith one or more of neighboring COBRA APs. The COBRA AP may send a COBRAF-CSMA common edge sub-channel frame to those COBRA AP(s) that mayutilize the same edge sub-channel. The COBRA APs that share the sameedge sub-channel may utilize extra protection mechanisms, e.g., RTS/CTS,CTS-to-self, backoff procedures, etc. for each of the edge group users(e.g., group uses using schedule based COBRA channel access period). TheCOBRA AP may not join the COBRA F-CSMA transmission, and may use extraprotection mechanisms, e.g., RTS/CTS, CTS-to-self, backoff procedures,etc. for each of the edge group users (e.g., group uses using schedulebased COBRA channel access period).

The COBRA AP may start and/or join a COBRA F-CSMA transmission. TheCOBRA AP may sense heavy interference from OBSSs. The sensing of heavyinterference may be performed by monitoring the energy of OBSSs, thechannel or sub-channel occupation of OBSSs, etc. The COBRA AP may set upa threshold to determine whether the interference is severe enough toswitch to COBRA F-CSMA transmissions. The COBRA AP may receive a COBRAF-CSMA transmission request frame, and the COBRA AP may sense heavyinterference from OBSS. The COBRA AP may decide to join the COBRA F-CSMAtransmission.

The maintenance of COBRA F-CSMA clusters may be provided. A COBRA AP mayleave a cluster by sending out a COBRA F-CSMA termination frame. TheCOBRA AP that sends the COBRA F-CSMA termination frame may cease totransmit the COBRA F-CSMA information element The COBRA AP may transmitone more beacons with COBRA F-CSMA information element with updatedinformation. The other COBRA APs in the cluster may update the COBRAF-CSMA information element, and transmit the updated COBRA F-CSMAinformation element in a Beacon frame.

Centralized systems, methods, and instrumentalities to begin and/or tojoin a COBRA F-CSMA cluster may be provided. A COBRA AP may begin aCOBRA F-CSMA cluster by sending out the COBRA F-CSMA transmissionrequest frame to one or more neighboring OBSS COBRA APs, e.g., if theCOBRA AP docs not detect any COBRA F-CSMA information element in theneighboring OBSS APs. With a centralized system, the AP may designateitself the COBRA F-CSMA cluster head. In other cases, a dedicatedcentralized controller may be designated as a COBRA F-CSMA cluster head.The COBRA F-CSMA transmission request frame may be transmitted on someor each of the sub-channels the AP may operate on. The frame may beencoded and modulated (e.g., independently modulated) on eachsub-channels. The frame may be repeated with or without phase rotationon each of the sub-channels such that other APs operating on partiallyoverlapped BSS may decode the packet. The COBRA AP may begin the COBRAF-CSMA transmission after sending the COBRA F-CSMA transmission requestframe. The COBRA AP may include a COBRA F-CSMA information element in aBeacon frame to announce (e.g., periodically announce) the COBRA F-CSMAtransmission. The COBRA F-CSMA information element may be updated, e.g.,when an AP (e.g., a new AP) may join the transmission cluster or anexisting AP may leave the transmission cluster. With Centralized system,the cluster head may schedule the COBRA F-CSMA reply frames for otherOBSS APs explicitly in the COBRA F-CSMA transmission request frame. Thecluster head may poll next scheduled AP, e.g., when it receives a COBRAF-CSMA transmission reply frame.

A COBRA F-CSMA cluster head may transmit COBRA F-CSMA transmissionrequest frame, e.g., after creating the cluster. The cluster head maybroadcast COBRA F-CSMA transmission request, frame after creating thecluster so that the APs not in the cluster may decide to join thecluster when the cluster formed. The COBRA APs that may receive theCOBRA F-CSMA transmission request frame may reply with a COBRA F-CSMAtransmission reply frame. The replying COBRA APs may indicate to thecluster head whether the APs may join the COBRA F-CSMA cluster The COBRAAPs that may miss the COBRA F-CSMA transmission request frame, but mayreceive the COBRA F-CSMA information element from other COBRA APs maysend a COBRA F-CSMA transmission reply frame to the COBRA F-CSMA clusterhead to request to join the cluster.

Once the cluster head receives the COBRA F-CSMA transmission replyframe, it may perform one or more of the following actions. The clusterhead may reply with a COBRA F-CSMA assignment frame to assign an edgesub-channel to the AP. The cluster head may decline the AP to join thecluster by indicating that in the COBRA F-CSMA assignment frame. Thecluster head may update the COBRA F-CSMA information element transmittedin the Beacon frame by adding the new cluster member and correspondingedge sub-channel. The cluster head may not modify the COBRA F-CSMAinformation element, e.g., if the cluster head declines the AP to jointhe cluster. Other member APs may or may not transmit the COBRA F-CSMAinformation element in beacon frames.

The maintenance of a COBRA F-CSMA cluster in a centralized system may beprovided. A cluster member AP may leave the cluster by sending out aCOBRA F-CSMA termination frame to the cluster head AP. The cluster headAP may reply with a COBRA F-CSMA termination confirmation frame to themember AP and update the COBRA F-CSMA information element in Beaconframes. The other COBRA APs in the cluster may update the COBRA F-CSMAinformation element accordingly.

A frame and/or an information element for COBRA F-CSMA transmission maybe provided. For example, a COBRA F-CSMA transmission request frame mayinclude one or more of a COBRA F-CSMA cluster ID (e.g., used to indicatethe COBRA cluster identification), one or more members of APs in thecluster, one or more operation channels and sub-channels of each memberAP, one or more edge sub-channel(s) of each member AP, or indication ofa distributed cluster or a centralized cluster.

COBRA F-CSMA transmission reply frame may be provided. For example, theCOBRA F-CSMA transmission reply frame may include a COBRA F-CSMA clusterID (e.g., used to indicate the COBRA cluster identification), one ormore operation channels and sub-channels of the transmitting AP, or oneor more suggested edge sub-channel(s) of the transmitting AP.

COBRA F-CSMA information element may be provided. COBRA F-CSMAinformation element may include one or more of a COBRA F-CSMA cluster ID(e.g., used to indicate the COBRA cluster identification), one or moremembers of APs in the cluster one or more operation channels andsub-channels of each member AP, one or more edge sub-channel(s) of eachmember AP, or indication of a distributed cluster or a centralizedcluster.

COBRA F-CSMA termination frame may be provided. The COBRA F-CSMAtermination frame may include a COBRA F-CSMA cluster ID (e.g., used toindicate the COBRA cluster identification), one or more operationchannels and sub-channels of the transmitting AP, or one or more edgesub-channel(s) of the transmitting AP.

COBRA F-CSM A termination confirmation frame may be provided. The COBRAF-CSMA termination confirmation frame may include a COBRA F-CSMA clusterID (e.g., used to indicate the COBRA cluster identification), one ormore updated members of APs in the cluster, one or more updatedoperation channels and sub-channels of each member AP, one or moreupdated edge sub-channel(s) of each member AP, or an indication of adistributed cluster or a centralized cluster.

Time/Frequency Domain based Fractional CSMA/CA may be provided. Timebased F-CSMA/CA and frequency based F-CSMA/CA are described herein. Thetime based F-CSMA/CA and frequency based F-CSMA/CA may be combined toallow separation of the BSS edge STAs, e.g., by a combination of timeand frequency. The grouping of cell center and cell edge STAs may besimilar to the time and/or frequency based F-CSMA/CA.

One or more APs may coordinate to allow access of each to the pool ofSTAs performing CSMA/CA based on the BSS index. As illustrated byexample in FIG. 18, Group 1 may be placed in the active CSMA/CA pool.Group 2 and Group 3 may be placed in the active CSMA/CA pool in acoordinated manner during specific time slots and frequency bands. Thegrouping may be combined with transmit power control (TPC) to limitinterference. The coordination may be such that Group 2 and Group 3 arein orthogonal pools, e.g., when Group 2 is in the pool, and Group 3 isnot. The coordination may be such that Group 2 and Group 3 are inpartially orthogonal pools, e.g., Group 2 and Group 3 are in the poolbased on a desired orthogonality factor (f) where 0<=f<=1 and f=0implies fully orthogonal while f=1 implies no orthogonality.

The transmit power may be adjusted based on the group in the activeCSMA/CA pool. The maximum transmit power is important as this determinesthe power at which control frames needed by each of the STAs may besent. If Group 1 is in the pool, the maximum transmit power may belimited to the worst STA in the limited group, e.g., the STA thatrequires the maximum transmit power in group 1. The maximum transmitpower may be used for data frames and/or control frames. If each of theSTAs are in the pool, the maximum transmit power may be limited to theworst STA in the BSS, e.g., the STA that requires the maximum transmitpower in the BSS. The inter-BSS methods described herein may be used forTime/Frequency Doman based F-CSMA/CA.

Priority-adaptation based CSMA/CA may be provided. For example, priorityadaptation of CSMA-CA may be based on the geo-location and/or thedistances from the AP a STA is associated with and other OBSS APs. Thepriority adaptation of CSMA-CA may be based on the effect of the channel(path loss, and long term/short term channel variations such asshadowing and fast fading) of the STA. When TPC is enabled, a STA maytransmit at higher power, e.g., if the STA is far away from AP it may beassociated with. The STA may affect the OBSS traffic. The channel accesspriority of the STA may be reduced when the STA is closer to an OBSS AP.The STA may continue to operate at highest priority level, e.g., if noOBSS AP is present.

FIG. 25 illustrates an example of a priority adaptation based ondistance of a STA (e.g., STA1 2502) from one or more APs (e.g., AP1 2504and AP2 2506). As illustrated by example in FIG. 25, a STA1 may beassociated with AP1 2504 and AP2 2506 may be the neighboring AP (e.g.,not part of same BSS as AP1). The distance between STA1 2502 and AP12504, e.g., is p. The distance between STA1 2502 and AP2 2506 is, e.g.,q. The Priority Y may be a function of distances p and q (e.g., Y(p,q)). The priority may be a function of the path loss and shadow fading.The AP1 may be assigned higher priority (e.g., lower numeric value of Y,or higher probability of acquiring the medium, while transmitting atrelatively lower power), e.g., if the STA1 2502 is close to AP1 2504.When STA1 2502 moves away from AP1 2504 and closer to AP2 2506. the STA12502 may start interfering with the traffic of AP2 2506. The priority ofSTA1 2502 may be reduced (e.g., lower numeric value of Y and reducingthe higher probability of acquiring the medium, when transmitting atmuch higher power). This function may be continuous, discrete and/orconditional.

For example, a discrete function may represented as:

${\mathrm{\Upsilon}( {p,q} )} = {{{ceil}( \frac{p}{q} )}.}$

An example of a conditional non-linear function may be represented as:

${\mathrm{\Upsilon}( {p,q} )} = \{ \begin{matrix}{1,} & {\frac{p}{q} < 1} \\{2,} & {1 < \frac{p}{q} < 2} \\{3,} & {2 < \frac{p}{q} < 4} \\{4,} & {\frac{p}{q} > 4}\end{matrix} $

As illustrated in FIG. 25, when the STA1 2502 is closer to AP1 2504 thanAP2 2506, the STA1 2502 may have highest priority level Y(p,q)=1. Whenthe STA1 is closer to AP2 2506 than AP1 2504, the priority level of theSTA1 2502 may be reduced (e.g., Y(p,q)=2, Y(p,q)=3), etc.

For different Y(p,q) value, different aCWmax and aCWmin may be selected.Table 1 illustrates an example of Y(p,q) values and correspondingCWmin[ac] and CWmax[ac] values, where ac may be an access category.

TABLE 1 γ(p, q) aCWmin aCWmax 1 15 1023 2 31 2047 3 63 4095 4 127 8191

As illustrated in Table 1, a change in the Y(p,q) value may result inchange in the CWmin[ac] and CWmax[ac] values.

In case of more OBSS APs in the vicinity, the distance from each of theAPs may be computed. For example, if the distance between a STA and anassociated AP is p and the distances from each of the OBSS APs are{right arrow over (q)}=[q₁ . . . q_(n)]. The priority for each pairYi(p,q_(i)) may be computed (e.g., independently computed). The max(Yi)or ceil(avg(Yi)) may be used as final priority for the transmission.

FIG. 26 illustrates an example of priority adaptation based on distanceof three APs. As illustrate in FIG. 26, out of the three APs (e.g., AP12604, AP2 2606 and AP3 2608). the STA STA1 2602 may be in BSS1 andassociated with AP1 2604. The two nearby APs may be AP2 2606 and AP32608. In OBSS scenario, an AP (e.g., AP1) may compute the STA1'spriority based on the other nearby AP (e.g., AP2 and/or AP3). The AP maycompute the priority (Y₁ and Y₂) based on distances from other APs (q₁and q₂) independently and take max out of them or ceiling of average. Afunction Y(p,{right arrow over (q)}) that jointly optimizes the prioritybased the distance vector q also may be used.

The RSSl measured during beacon from respective APs may be used as anindicator of distance from that AP and may be a linear function ofdistance from AP. The RSSl may be used instead of distances p and q forthe computation of priority as mentioned above. Change in priority levelmay depend on distance, e.g., when power control is used. A STA may becloser to OBSS AP, e.g., if STA is associated with an AP that is faraway from the STA. The STA may affect the traffic of OBSS, e.g., if theSTA uses higher power to communicate with the AP it may be associatedwith. The priority of STA may be reduced, e.g., depending on thedistance from AP the STA is associated with. The algorithm used forcomputation of priority on each of the APs may be enhanced, e.g., if GPSsupport is available and/or physical location of each of the AP isknown.

The computation described herein may be performed at the STA andpriority value may be set at STA. The computation may be performed atthe AP and the AP may indicate the priority value to the STAs associatedwith the AP, e.g., using a management frame. The STA may set itspriority based on the received priority value and change its contentionwindow values aCWMax and aCWMin accordingly.

FIG. 27A is a diagram of an example communications system 2700 in whichone or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communicationssystem 2700 may be a multiple access system that provides content, suchas voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wirelessusers. The communications system 2700 may enable multiple wireless usersto access such content through the sharing of system resources,including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems2700 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as codedivision multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA),frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA),single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like.

As shown in FIG. 27A, the communications system 2700 may include atleast one wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), such as a plurality ofWTRUs, for instance WTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, and 2702 d, a radioaccess network (RAN) 2704, a core network 2706, a public switchedtelephone network (PSTN) 2708, the Internet 2710, and other networks2712, though it should be appreciated that the disclosed embodimentscontemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or networkelements. Each of the WTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 d may be anytype of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wirelessenvironment. By way of example, the WTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 dmay be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and mayinclude user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobilesubscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer,a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, and the like.

The communications systems 2700 may also include a base station 2714 aand a base station 2714 b. Each of the base stations 2714 a, 2714 b maybe any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at leastone of the WTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 d to facilitate access toone or more communication networks, such as the core network 2706, theInternet 2710, and/or the networks 2712. By way of example, the basestations 2714 a, 2714 b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), aNode-B. an eNode B, a Homo Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, anaccess point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the basestations 2714 a, 2714 b are each depicted as a single element, it shouldbe appreciated that the base stations 2714 a, 2714 b may include anynumber of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

The base station 2714 a may be part of the RAN 2704, which may alsoinclude other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such asa base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relaynodes, etc. The base station 2714 a and/or the base station 2714 b maybe configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within aparticular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (notshown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example,the cell associated with the base station 2714 a may be divided intothree sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 2714 a mayinclude three transceivers, e.g., one for each sector of the cell. Inanother embodiment, the base station 2714 a may employ multiple-inputmultiple output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multipletransceivers for each sector of the cell.

The base stations 2714 a, 2714 b may communicate with one or more of theWTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 d over an air interface 2716, whichmay be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency(RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.).The air interface 2716 may be established using any suitable radioaccess technology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 2700 may bea multiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. Forexample, the base station 2714 a in the RAN 2704 and the WTRUs 2702 a,2702 b, 2702 c may implement a radio technology such as Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), whichmay establish the air interface 2716 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMAmay include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access(HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed DownlinkPacket Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

In another embodiment, the base station 2714 a and the WTRUs 2702 a,2702 b, 2702 c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface2716 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A).

In other embodiments, the base station 2714 a and the WTRUs 2702 a, 2702b, 2702 c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (e.g.,Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000.CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), InterimStandard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System forMobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

The base station 1314 b in FIG. 27A may comprise a wireless router. HomeNode B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize anysuitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area,such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like.In one embodiment, the base station 2714 b and the WTRUs 2702 c, 2702 dmay implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish awireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, the basestation 2714 b and the WTRUs 2702 c, 2702 d may implement a radiotechnology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal areanetwork (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 2714 b andthe WTRUs 2702 c, 2702 d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA.CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.As shown in FIG. 27A, the base station 2714 b may have a directconnection to the Internet 2710. Thus, the base station 2714 b may notbe required to access the Internet 2710 via the core network 2706.

The RAN 2704 may be in communication with the core network 2706, whichmay be any type of network configured to provide voice, data,applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to oneor more of the WTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 d. For example, thecore network 2706 may provide call control, billing services, mobilelocation-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, videodistribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, suchas user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 27A, it should beappreciated that the RAN 2704 and/or the core network 2706 may be indirect or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the sameRAT as the RAN 2704 or a different RAT. For example, in addition tobeing connected to the RAN 2704, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radiotechnology, the core network 2706 may also be in communication withanother RAN (not shown) employing a GSM radio technology.

The core network 2706 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 2702 a,2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 d to access the PSTN 2708, the Internet 2710,and/or other networks 2712. The PSTN 2708 may include circuit-switchedtelephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (PO TS). TheInternet 2710 may include a global system of interconnected computernetworks and devices that use common communication protocols, such asthe transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP)and the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite.The networks 2712 may include wired or wireless communications networksowned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, thenetworks 2712 may include another core network connected to one or moreRANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 2704 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 d in thecommunications system 2700 may include multi-mode capabilities, e.g.,the WTRUs 2702 a, 2702 b, 2702 c, 2702 d may include multipletransceivers for communicating with different w ireless networks overdifferent wireless links. For example, the WTRU 2702 c shown in FIG. 27Amay be configured to communicate with the base station 2714 a, which mayemploy a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 2714b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

FIG. 27B is a system diagram of an example WTRU 2702. As shown in FIG.27B, the WTRU 2702 may include a processor 2718, a transceiver 2720, atransmit/receive element 2722, a speaker/microphone 2724, a keypad 2726,a display/touchpad 2728, non-removable memory 2730, removable memory2732, a power source 2734, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset2736, and other peripherals 2738. It should be appreciated that the WTRU2702 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements whileremaining consistent with an embodiment.

The processor 2718 may comprise a general purpose processor, a specialpurpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor(DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors inassociation with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller,Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field ProgrammableGate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC),a state machine, and the like. The processor 2718 may perform signalcoding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/orany other functionality that enables the WTRU 2702 to operate in awireless environment. The processor 2718 may be coupled to thetransceiver 2720, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element2722. While FIG. 27B depicts the processor 2718 and the transceiver 2720as separate components, it should be appreciated that the processor 2718and the transceiver 2720 may be integrated together in an electronicpackage or chip.

The transmit/receive element 2722 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 2714a) over the air interface 2716. For example, in one embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 2722 may be an antenna configured to transmitand/or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement 2722 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/orreceive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet anotherembodiment, the transmit/receive element 2722 may be configured totransmit and receive both RF and light signals. It should be appreciatedthat the transmit/receive element 2722 may be configured to transmitand/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

In addition, although the transmit/receive element 2722 is depicted inFIG. 27B as a single element, the WTRU 2702 may include any number oftransmit/receive elements 2722. More specifically, the WTRU 2702 mayemploy MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 2702 mayinclude two or more transmit/receive elements 2722 (e.g., multipleantennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the airinterface 2716.

The transceiver 2720 may be configured to modulate the signals that areto be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 2722 and to demodulatethe signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 2722. Asnoted above, the WTRU 2702 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 2720 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU2702 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, forexample.

The processor 2718 of the WTRU 2702 may be coupled to, and may receiveuser input data from, the speaker/microphone 2724, the keypad 2726,and/or the display/touchpad 2728 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD)display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). Theprocessor 2718 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 2724,the keypad 2726, and/or the display/touchpad 2728. In addition, theprocessor 2718 may access information from, and store data in, any typeof suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 2730 and/or theremovable memory 2732. The non-removable memory 2730 may includerandom-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or anyother type of memory storage device. The removable memory 2732 mayinclude a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, asecure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, theprocessor 2718 may access information from, and store data in, memorythat is not physically located on the WTRU 2702, such as on a server ora home computer (not shown).

The processor 2718 may receive power from the power source 2734, and maybe configured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the WTRU 2702. The power source 2734 may be any suitabledevice for powering the WTRU 2702. For example, the power source 2734may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd),nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 2718 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 2736, whichmay be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude andlatitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 2702. In additionto, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 2736, the WTRU2702 may receive location information over the air interface 2716 from abase station (e.g., base stations 2714 a, 2714 b) and/or determine itslocation based on the timing of the signals being received from two ormore nearby base stations. It should be appreciated that the WTRU 2702may acquire location information byway of any suitable localion-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

The processor 2718 may further be coupled to other peripherals 2738,which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules thatprovide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 2738 may include anaccelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera(for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, avibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, aBluetooth module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital musicplayer, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser,and the like.

Although features and elements are described above in particularcombinations, one of ordinary skill in the art wilt appreciate that eachfeature or element may be used alone or in any combination with theother features and elements. Other than the 802.11 protocols describedherein, the features and elements described herein may be applicable toother wireless systems. Although the features and elements describedherein may have been described (or uplink operation, the methods andprocedures may be applied to downlink operation. Although SIFS may havebeen used herein to indicate various inter frame spacing, other interframe spacing, e.g., RIFS or other agreed time interval may be applied.In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in acomputer program, software, or firmware incorporated in acomputer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor.Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals(transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readablestorage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, butare not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory(RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magneticmedia such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-opticalmedia, optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks(DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used toimplement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, WTRU,terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

1-18. (canceled)
 19. An interference management method in a WirelessLocal Area Network (WLAN), the method comprising: identifying a station(STA) as being associated with a first basic service set (BSS), whereinthe STA is identified as an edge STA or a non-edge STA; grouping theidentified STA into an edge group or a non-edge group; receivinginformation associated with a second BSS; and coordinating carrier sensemultiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) access between one ormore of the edge group or the non-edge group, wherein the access iscoordinated to minimize interference of the STA and is based at least onthe received information associated with the second BSS.
 20. The methodof claim 19, further comprising adjusting a transmit power of aplurality of stations (STAs) associated with the first BSS by limiting amaximum power of the plurality of STAs to a worst STA in the first BSS,wherein the plurality of STAs comprises a STA identified as non-edge STAand at least one STA identified as edge STA.
 21. The method of claim 19,further comprising sending an edge flag to the STA identified as edgeSTA.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein identifying the STA associatedwith the first BSS as an edge STA or a non-edge STA comprisesidentifying the STA is identified as the edge STA or the non-edge STAusing one or more of a path loss from an AP to the STA, physical orgeographic location of the STA, information received from the STA, orinformation received from a central controller.
 23. The method of claim22, wherein the information comprises a difference between a receivedsignal strength indication (RSSI) of the AP at the STA and a nextstrongest AP at the STA.
 24. The method of claim 19, wherein a firststation associated with a first edge group is orthogonal to a secondstation associated with a second edge group, wherein the orthogonalitybetween the first station and the second station is partial or full. 25.The method of claim 19, wherein coordinating CSMA/CA access comprisescoordinating timing between groups associated with the first BSS and thesecond BSS.
 26. The method of claim 19, further comprising receiving,from the STA, an indication for support for coordinated carrier sensemultiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA).
 27. The method ofclaim 26, wherein receiving the indication comprises receiving theindication in an BSS Coordination Capability element via one of acontrol frame, a management frame, or an extension frame.
 28. An accesspoint (AP) comprising: a processor; and a memory comprising instructionsthat when executed by the processor cause the AP to: identify a station(STA) as being associated with a first basic service set (BSS), whereinthe STA is identified as an edge STA or a non-edge STA; group theidentified STA into an edge group or a non-edge group; receiveinformation associated with a second BSS; and coordinate carrier sensemultiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) access between one ormore of the edge group or the non-edge group, wherein the access iscoordinated to minimize interference of the STA and is based at least onthe received information associated with the second BSS.
 29. The AP ofclaim 28, wherein the processor is configured to adjust a transmit powerof a plurality of stations (STAs) associated with the first BSS bylimiting a maximum power of the plurality of STAs to a worst STA in thefirst BSS, wherein the plurality of STAs comprises a STA identified asnon-edge STA and at least one STA identified as edge STA.
 30. The AP ofclaim 28, wherein the processor is configured to send an edge flag tothe STA identified as edge STA.
 31. The AP of claim 28, whereinidentifying the STA associated with the first BSS as an edge STA or anon-edge STA comprises identifying the STA is identified as the edge STAor the non-edge STA using one or more of a path loss from an AP to theSTA, physical or geographic location of the STA, information receivedfrom the STA, or information received from a central controller.
 32. TheAP of claim 31, wherein the information comprises a difference between areceived signal strength indication (RSSI) of the AP at the STA and anext strongest AP at the STA.
 33. The AP of claim 28, wherein a firststation associated with a first edge group is orthogonal to a secondstation associated with a second edge group, wherein the orthogonalitybetween the first station and the second station is partial or full. 34.The AP of claim 28, wherein coordinating CSMA/CA access comprisescoordinating timing between groups associated with the first BSS and thesecond BSS.
 35. The AP of claim 28, wherein the processor is configuredto receive, from the STA, an indication for support for coordinatedcarrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). 36.The AP of claim 35, wherein receiving the indication comprises receivingthe indication in an BSS Coordination Capability element via one of acontrol frame, a management frame, or an extension frame.